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Nervous System (Organization (Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (Spinal…

- - - - Senses: touch, smell, sight, etc.
        
        Afferent (sensory), CNS
    - - Glands, Muscles
        
        Efferent (motor), PNS
  - - - Attached to Spinal Cord
        
        Purpose
        
        Be sensitive to stimuli
        
        Send information to CNS
    - - Cluster/Group of neuron cell bodies
    - - Attached to Brain
  - - - Process incoming signals
      - Respond to incoming signals
      - Receive incoming signals
  - - - Output to skeletal muscle
    - - Input from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, limbs
        
        Hearing, equilibrium, vision
  - - - Mainly to contents of ventral body cavity
        
        Glands
        
        Blood Vessel Walls (smooth muscle)
        
        Smooth Muscle
        
        Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive Systems
        
        Arrector Pili Muscle of skin
        
        Sweat Glands
        
        Cardiac Muscle
    - - Input from ventral body cavity contents
        
        Taste and smell
- - - - Two Processes
        
        Found in special senses
        
        One axon
        
        Fused dendrites
    - - One Process
        
        Central Process
        
        Both make up an axon
        
        Peripheral Process
        
        Cell Body
    - - Multiple Processes
        
        One Axon
  - - - Bipolar in special sensory
      - Cell bodies located in ganglia of PNS
      - Unipolar in general sensory
    - - Multipolar
      - 99.8% of all neurons
      - Between neurons in CNS
    - - Multiplolar
      - Cell bodies in CNS travel to: muscles and glands
  - - - Cone-shaped region of cell body
    - - More or less right angle branches
    - - Receives signal from other neurons
    - - Branches from axon collaterals
    - - Clusters of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
      - Renews plasma membrane and protein within cytosol
    - - Knob-shaped ends of axons
- - - - Chemoreceptor
        
        Odor
        
        Chemicals: saliva/water, air, blood
      - Nociceptor
        
        Danger, Pain (noxious)
      - Photoreceptor
        
        Light
      - Mechanoreceptor
        
        Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Stretch
        
        Type: Baroreceptor
        
        Measures Blood Pressure
      - Thermoreceptor
        
        Hot & Cold
    - - Proprioceptor
        
        Muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints
      - Exteroceptor
        
        Skin & Special Senses
      - Interoceptor
        
        Internal Organs
    - - Olfaction (Smell)
        
        Components
        
        Roof of Nasal Cavity
        
        Made of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
        
        Olfactory Sensory Receptors, inferior to nasal cavity
        
        Olfactory Sensory Neurons, within/superior to nasal cavity
        
        Olfactory Bulb hangs on ends of Olfactory Tract
        
        Smell Pathway
        
        3) Olfactory Tract
        
        4) Limbic System (Emotional Brain)
        
        2) Olfactory Sensory Neurons within Olfactory Bulb
        
        4) Primary Olfactory Cortex in Temporal Lobe
        
        1) Olfactory Receptors
      - Taste Buds (Tongue)
        
        Components
        
        Epithelial Cell
        
        Gustatory
        
        3 Cranial Nerves
        
        Glossopharyngeal Nerve (#9)
        
        Vagus Nerve (#10)
        
        Facial Nerve (#7)
        
        Connected directly to Brain/Do not go through Spinal Cord
        
        3 Locations
        
        Tongue, Inner Cheeks
        
        Posterior Wall of Pharynx (throat)
        
        Epiglottis
        
        Taste Pathway
        
        Medulla Oblongata
        
        Thalamus
        
        Gustatory Cortex in the Insula
      - The Eye (SIght)
        
        Components/Anatomy
        
        Vascular Layer
        
        Choroid
        
        Nourishes other layers
        
        Deeply pigmented
        
        Absorbs light, prevents scattering
        
        Continuous with Ciliary Body
        
        Ciliary Body: a muscle that changes the shape of the lens
        
        Inner Neural Layer
        
        Retina
        
        Photoreceptors: axons converge to form optic nerve
        
        Rods, many
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cones, few
        
        1 more item...
        
        Regional Specialization
        
        Optic Disc
        
        1 more item...
        
        Precise Posterior Pole
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fibrous Layer
        
        Sclera
        
        Protective
        
        Anchor for Extrinsic Eye Muscle
        
        White color, Made of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
        
        Gives Shape
        
        Cornea
        
        Clear color
        
        Allows light into eye
        
        Involved with focusing light on retina
        
        Anterior to Iris
        
        Lens
        
        Posterior to Iris
        
        Allows light to focus on retina
        
        Segments
        
        Posterior
        
        Filled with Vitreous Humor (gel-like)
        
        Supports Retina and Lens
        
        Maintains normal pressure
        
        Largest portion of eye
        
        Anterior
        
        Posterior Chamber
        
        From Iris to Posterior Segment
        
        Anterior Chamber
        
        From Iris to Cornea
        
        Filled with Aqueuos Humor
        
        Nourishes Lens and Cornea
        
        Maintains normal intraocular pressure
        
        Iris
        
        Intrinsic Eye Muscle, Sphincter Muscle
        
        Dilate/Constrict
        
        Visual Pathway
        
        1) Cornea (focus light)
        
        2) Pupil
        
        3) Lens (focus light)
        
        4) Posterior Segment; vitreous humor
        
        1 more item...
      - Ear (Hearing)
        
        Components
        
        Middle - Tympanic Membrane (eardrum, auditory ossicles)
        
        Inner - Cochlea
        
        Liquid Filled
        
        1) Cochlear Nerve
        
        Receptor epithelium for hearing
        
        2) Vestibular Nerve
        
        Controls equilibrium
        
        1 & 2 both go through Internal Acoustic Meatus
        
        1 & 2 together are called Vestibulocochlear Nerve (#8)
        
        Outer - Auricle
        
        Gathers sound waves (amplifies)
        
        External Acoustic Meatus
        
        Hearing Pathway
        
        1) Cochlear branch of central nerve #8
        
        2) Medulla Oblongata
        
        3) Pons
        
        4) Midbrain
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Merkel Cell/Disk
      - Hair Follicles
- - - - Insulation that covers some axons
        
        Myelinated and nonmyelinated axons
        
        Myelination (Mostly made of lipids and some proteins)
        
        Allows signals to travel faster
        
        Not continuous
        
        Gaps called myelin sheath gaps or Nodes of Ranvier
        
        Insulates axons, prevents signals from jumping axon to axon
    - - Bundle of axon
    - - Fibrous connective tissue surrounds each fascicle
    - - Part of neuron that carries a signal
    - - Bundle of axon fascicles
    - - Tough, fibrous connective tissue surrounds nerve
    - - Single nerve cell
    - - Axon
    - - Signals are one-way
    - - Most nerves have both sensory/motor neurons
  - - - Microglia (dendritic cell)
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Removes microbes and damaged nerve tissue
      - Ependymal Cell
        
        Have microvilli and cilia
        
        Lining spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) called ventricles
        
        Cilia keeps CSF moving
        
        Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
      - Astrocytes
        
        Many processes that contact neurons and capillaries
        
        Supports neurons structurally
        
        Most numerous
        
        Helps maintain appropriate chemical environment
      - Oligodendrocyte
        
        Wraps plasma membrane around one portion of several axons
    - - Satellite Cell
        
        Structurally supportive
        
        Regulates exchange of materials in/out of neuron cell body
      - Schwann Cell
        
        Wraps plasma membrane around one portion of one axon