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Language (The Nature of Language (Language is Symbolic (Written (Symbols…

- - - - Symbols are more than labels, they are a way we experience the world
  - - - Problems arise when people mistakenly assume that others use words in the same way they do
  - - - Phonological rules
        
        Govern how words sound when pronounced
      - Syntactic rules
        
        Govern the structure of language--the way symbols can be arranged
      - Semantic rules
        
        Deals with the meaning of specific words
      - Pragmatic rules
        
        Govern how people use language in everyday interaction
- - - - More than one correct dictionary definition
  - - - Use perception check to avoid fact-inference confusion
    - - Contains words that sound as if they're describing something when they are really announcing the speaker's attitude toward something
    - - Factual statements are claims that can be verified as true or false.
      - Opinion statements are based on the speaker's beliefs
  - - - A pleasant term substituted for a more direct but potentially less pleasant one
        
        "restroom" instead of "toilet" or "full-figured" instead of "overweight"
    - - A deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way.
        
        "You look amazing. I've never seen an outfit like that before. Where did you get it?"
- - - - Similarities
        
        Both men and women bodies make the same hormones, but the amount they produce differ
      - Differences
        
        Men with higher levels of testosterone are less likely than others to engage in emotional, socially connecting language
        
        Women are moody because of cyclic changes in estrogen , only 3-8% of women experience hormonal mood swings beyond the range of everyday emotions.
        
        Men with high testosterone levels are more competitive than those with lower levels of the hormones and respond more emotionally when faced with setbacks
    - - Similarities
        
        Shapes the way men and women communicate
        
        Society, power and material success
      - Differences
        
        Men are expected to serve as the providers
        
        Women have historically had less overt power and occupied more nurturing roles
  - - - Similarities
        
        Men and Women speak roughly the same number of words per day
      - Difference
        
        Women ask more questions in mixed-sex conversations
        
        Women’s speech that is less powerful and more emotional than men’s
        
        Men interrupt women
    - - Similarities
        
        Build and maintain social relationships
      - Differences
        
        Men emphasize making conversation fun
        
        Joking and teasing
        
        Use language to accomplish the job at hand than to nourish relationships
        
        Feelings, relationships, and personal problems
        
        Face to face or calling
        
        Use conversation to pursue social needs, support, demonstration of equality
    - - Similariity
        
        Both men and women still talk frequently about work, movies, and television
      - Difference
        
        Female friends spend more time discussing relational issues such as family, friends, and emotions
        
        Male friends are more likely to discuss recreational topics such as sports, technology use, and nightlife
    - - Similarities
        
        Male and Female supervisors in similar positions behave the same way and are equally effective
      - Differences
        
        Social philosophy plays a role
        
        Feminist wives talk longer than their partners
        
        Nonfeminist wives speak less than their partners
  - - - Focus on the unexpressed-feelings part of a message, consider being more oriented
      - Of advise is your reflexive way of responding, think about whether offering support and understanding might sometimes be more helpful
      - First instinct is to be supportive, consider the value of offering advise
- - - - Credibility
        
        Ways of speaking
        
        Doctor, Professor
      - Status
        
        Dialects
        
        Accents
        
        Word Choice
        
        Age
        
        Speech Rate
      - Sexism and Racism
        
        Terms, Labels
        
        Stereotypes
      - Naming
        
        What does your name mean? How chosen?
        
        The way others think of us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act.
  - - - Rate of talking
      - Number and placement of pause
      - Choice of vocabulary/slang
      - Level of politeness
    - - Demonstrative pronoun choice
        
        These people want our help (positive) vs. Those people want our help (less positive)
      - Negation
        
        It's good (positive) vs. It's not Bad (less positive)
      - Sequential placement
        
        Mrs. and Mr.
    - - His or Her degree of control over a situation
        
        Politeness
        
        Culture
        
        Powerful and Powerless
    - - “You” vs “I” statements
        
        “Sometimes you make me angry” (less responsible) vs “Soemtimes I get angry when you do that” (more responsible)
        
        “I” statements are more likely to generate positive reactions from others as compared to accusatory ones.
        
        ACCUSATORY: An accusatory look, remark, or tone of voice suggests blame or criticism
      - “But” statements
        
        “But” cancels everything that went before the word.
      - “It” vs “I” statements
        
        “It’s not finished” (less responsible) vs “I didn’t finish it” (more responsible)
      - Questions vs Statements
        
        “Do you think we ought to do that?” (less responsible) vs “I don’t think we ought to do that (more responsible)