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American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleon (Napoleon (Downfall of…
American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleon
American Revolution
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Advantages
Britain
Well trained, large army and loyalist fighters,
Colonies
Motivation
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Capable, poor people could be appointed important jobs rising in economic, political, and social structure.
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This history of the involvement of women and Native Americans were not well documented because of ideas of inequality.
Important Battles
Saratoga (American Victory). Halted the British's advancement to Canada and forced France to get involved.
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Consequences
7,200 Americans died in battle. 10,000 died from disease or exposure. 8,500 died in British prisons.
A quarter of the slaves in South Carolina and Georgia escaped from bondage during the Revolution. The Northern states outlawed slavery or adopted gradual emancipation plans.
The states adopted written constitutions that guaranteed religious freedom, increased the legislature's size and powers, made taxation more progressive, and reformed inheritance laws.
A Federal Constitution and Bill of Rights was adopted securing many freedoms for citizens in the new United States. The political and economic stability that followed allowed the US to both prosper financially and practice self government for several years before the first major challenges took place.
French Revolution
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Estates
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2nd Estate:French Nobles
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The nobles spend their days drinking, gambling, hunting, and spending money.
Living life with very little legal restrictions (can simply kill people of the third estate without repercussion).
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3rd Estate: Peasants
City laborers and peasants were mostly uneducated laborers who worked as near slaves for the wealthy.
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Few protections under the law and suffered greatly from taxes, war, and famine.
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People
King Louis the XVI
Grandson of Louis XIV, the most powerful king in French history.
Less power, dim, inherits a huge debt and he is irresponsible with money.
Borrows money from banks, doesn’t give it back and taxes people to make up for his debts. Prefers to party and roleplay instead of running the country.
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Queen Marie Antoinette
Daughter of Maria Teresa of Austria (One of the most powerful women in Europe), sister to Austria’s king.
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After the Revolution
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Peasants and Middle Class, targeted by the Jacobins, are dead
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Timeline
1) Tensions between the estates rose because of the terrible treatment and social injustices brought upon the third estates.
2) Because the King Louis XVI, influenced by Queen Antoinette Marie, lived a very expensive and wasteful lifestyles the empire fell into bankruptcy and taxed the people excessively.
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4) King Louis XVI held the meeting of the General Estates to try to raise taxes. The third estate was treated so disrespectfully they stormed out along with some members from the 1st and 2nd.
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6) New constitution was written, abolishing nobility. King had less power and the constitution outlined equality among men.
7) Nobles fled to other countries and tried to get neighboring countries to end the revolution and destroy the rebels. Austria and Prussia attack France
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9) The Committee of Public Safety take over as an autocracy, using the chaos and need for a strong government to do so. The Jacobins execute the King and Queen after they refuse to comply with them. The Reign of Terror begins.
10) Anyone opposing the Jacobins, or their leader Robespierre, were executed. The death toll brought terror across France however it inspired people to fight back against the invading countries and they successfully drove back Prussia and Austria.
11) The Reign of Terror continues, even after the defeat of the enemy countries. Robespierre continues his killing frenzy, often for no reason. He established laws that violated almost every human right. The loss of 20,000 lives within this time period deeply hurt the social structure of France.
12) Robespierre is killed by his friends, the Reign of Terror ends, and a new government is formed. The Directory.
13) Too many capable people had been killed and the Directory failed tremendously. Many in the peasant and middle class were dead. Intelligent people either fled or were dead. Conflict with other countries still threatened France and tensions with the Church resumed. Country was bankrupt
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Napoleon
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Accomplishments:
Signed peace with Britain, Austria, and Russia restoring peace.
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Set up lychees for men of all backgrounds, those who graduated were given positions in the government.
Because of lychees, education levels rose and the government was built upon people who were intelligent and not corrupt.
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Wrote the Napoleonic Code for France eliminating, many national injustices yet limiting freedoms, human rights, and speech.
Military genius who annexed parts of India, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria to France.
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Miscellaneous
Doesn't want to be King but rather an Emperor because the country had recently overthrew the King (King Louis the XVI).
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Crowned himself, a symbol of his idea that he was more powerful than the Church and God.
Tries to commit suicide, but it fails
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Downfall of Napoleon
French Empire stretches across 1500 miles and controls 70,000 people.
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Because of Napoeleon’s ambition and obsession with winning, millions of people have died across the Empire stirring public opinion.
Russians fight French in war; French win but their troops are devastated. Tries to take over Moscow.
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Napoleon’s army marches back from Moscow but are obliterated by the Russian winter. Loses 490,000 people.
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Napoleon is exiled but is welcomed back again as Emperor, forcing out the King, and promises to restore the glory of France.
Napoleon is defeated in that Battle of Waterloo and is exiled again after surrending to the British.
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Vocabulary
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Coup d' Etat: Sudden seizure of government power, often violently and illegally.
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Concordat: A formal agreement, often times between the Church and the government.
Napoleonic Code: A system of laws, written by Napoleon, for France.
Battle of Trafalgar: The major battle between the French and the British naval armies. Napoleon Lost.
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