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Language (the nature of language (Language is rule governed (Phonological…

- - - - how words sound when pronounced
    - - the structure of language
    - - specific words
    - - govern how people use language in everyday in teraction
- - - - hesitation
      - hedge
      - intensifiers
      - polite forms
      - tag questions
      - disclaimers
  - - - Among members of larger groups, ranging from street gangs to military personnel.
    - - Speaking in a way that emphasizes their difference from others.
    - - A tendency to describe the positive behavior as a discrete behavior.
    - - Social customs discourage us from expressing like or dislike in many situation.
      - Demonstrative pronoun choice(These people want our help versus Those people want our help)
      - Negation(it's good v.s. it's not bad)
      - Sequential placement(Dick and Jane versus Jane and Dick)
- - - - the notion that men and women communicate in dramatically different ways is exaggerated.
- - - - Some equivocal misunderstandings are simple, at least after they are exposed.
        some equivocal statement arise from culture or cocultural differences.
    - - Words that gain their meaning by comparison.
    - - A language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar cocultural or other group.
    - - The specialized vocabulary what is used as a kind of shorthand by people with common backgrounds and experience.
    - - Most objects, events, and ideas can be described with varying degrees of specificity.
    - - A range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object.
    - - Language that lack specificity or does not refer to observable behavior .
    - - Who is involved?
      - In what circumstances does the behavior occur?
      - What behaviors are involved?
  - - - opinion statements
        
        based on the speaker's beliefs.
      - Factual statements
        
        claims that can be verified as true or false.
    - - Inferential statement: a conclusion arrived at from an interpretation of evidence.
    - - Language that conveys the sender's attitude rather than simply offering an objective description
    - - Euphemisms
        
        A pleasant-sounding term used in place of a more direct but less pleasant one
- - - - When a message about consumer behavior was loaded with unnecessary words and long, complex sentences, the professors rated it highly.
    - - They shape the way others think of us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act.
      - Name are one way to shape and reinforce a child's personal identity.
    - - Several factors combine to create positive or negative impressions.
    - - the power of language to shape attitudes goes beyond individual cases and influences how we perceive entire groups of people.
      - the power of racist language to shape attitudes is difficult to avoid , even when it is obviously offensive.