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Social Perception (Causal Attribution (Attribution Theory
Fritz Heider
a…
Social Perception
Causal Attribution
Attribution Theory
Fritz Heider
a description of the way people describe their own and others behaviour
to go beyond implicit personality theory
Internal Attributes - inside the person (personality, disposition)
External Attributes - outside the person (situation, context)
Kelley's Covariation Model
- consensus: do other people act the same way toward the person or situation
- distinction: does this person act this way when they encounter other people or situations
- consistency: does this person act this way to the same person or situation every time
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Correspondence Bias: (fundamental attribution error)
the assumption that someones behaviour matches their personality/disposition
-> underestimates the power of the situation
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Actor-Observer Difference
Exception to correspondance bias is that we often se the power of the situation in our own experiences
Self Serving Attribution:
- success due to internal attributes
- failure due to external attributes
Perceptual Salience: information that is the focus of someones attention, leads to overestimation of said info
Taylor & Fiske
6 people watch 2 confederates have a discussion... participants rated the speaker they were facing as having contributed more to the conversation
Non Verbal Cues
Emotional Expressions
Charles Darwin
Culture vs, Species Specific
6 Universals Facial Expressions:
Ekman & Friesen
- Anger
- Happy
- Sad
- Fear
- Disgust
- Surprise
Micro-Expressions: 40-50 ms, reveal true emotions
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Thin Slices of Behaviour
Ambandy & Rosenthal
participants that saw 3 silent 2 second clips of a teacher could predict what students who took the whole class would rate the teacher
There may still be debate whether expressions are universal but somethings are culture specific such as Display Rules: culturally determined rules about which non-verbal behaviours are appropriate
(also applies to personal space)
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