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Language (Nature of Language (Language is Symbolic (Sign Language, Spoken,…

- - - - Symbols are more than labels, they are a way we experience the world
  - - - Problems arise when people
        mistakenly assume that others
        use words in the same way
        
        For example Femisism
        
        Women interpret feminism as
        
        Men interpret feminism as
  - - - Phonological rules
        
        How they sound when pronounced
      - Syntactic rules
        
        The structure of language—the way symbols can be arranged
      - Semantic rules
        
        Meanings of specific words
      - Pragmatic rules
        
        How people use language in everyday interaction
- - - - The way others think of us, the way we view ourselves, and the way we act.
      - What does your name mean? How choosen?
    - - Ways of speaking
      - Terms to address/title
        
        Doctor, Profesor
    - - Dialects
      - Accents
      - Word choice
      - Age
      - Speech rate
    - - Terms, Labels
      - Stereotypes
  - - - His or her degree of control over a situation
        
        Powerful and powerless
        
        Politeness
        
        Culture
    - - Choice of vocabulary/ Slang
      - Rate of talking
      - Number and placement of pause
      - Level of politeness
    - - Demonstrative pronoun choice
        
        These people want our help (positive) vs. Those people want our help (less positive)
      - Negation
        
        It’s good (positive) vs. It’s not bad (less positive)
      - Sequential placement
        
        Mrs. and Mr.
    - - “It”vs. “I” Statements
        
        It’s not finished (less responsible) vs. I didn’t finish it (more responsible)
      - “You” vs. “I” Statements
        
        Sometimes you make me angry vs. sometimes I get angry when you do that
        
        “I” statements are more likely to generate positive reactions
      - “But” Statements
        
        But cancels everything that went before the word
      - Questions vs. Statements
        
        Do you think we ought to do that? (Less respnsible) vs. I don’t think we ought to do that (more responsible)
- - - - Words or phrases with multiple meanings
  - - - Euphemism is a pleasant term substituted for a more direct but potentially less pleasant one
        
        “Restroom” instead of “Toilet” or “Full-figured” instead of “overweight”
    - - Equivocation— a deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way
        
        “You look amazing. I’ve never seen an outfit like that before. Where did you get it?”
  - - - Factual statements are claims that can be verified as true or false.
      - Opinion statements are based on the speakers beliefs.
    - - Use Perception-check to avoid fact-inference confusion
    - - Emotive language contains words that sound as if they’re describing something Whalen they are really announcing the speakers attitude towards something.
- - - - Similarities
        
        Both men and women still talk frequently about work, movies, and television
      - Differences
        
        Female friends spend more time discussing relational issues such as family, friends, and emotions
        
        Men, on the other hand, are more likely to discuss recreational topics such as sports, technology use, and nightlife
    - - Similarities
        
        Build and maintain social relationships
      - Diffences
        
        Men emphasize making conversation fun.
        
        Joking and teasing
        
        Use language to accomplish the job at hand than to nourish relationships
        
        Women
        
        Feelings, Relationships, and person problems
        
        ~Face to face
        ~Calling
        
        Use conversation to pursue social needs, support, demonstration of equality
    - - Similarities
        
        Men and Women speak roughly the
        same number of words per day
      - Differences
        
        Women ask more questions
        in mixed-sex conversation
        
        Women’s speech that is less powerful and more emotional than men’s
        
        Men interrupt women
    - - Similarities
        
        Male and females supervisors in a similar positions behave the same way and are equally effective
      - Differences
        
        Social philosophy plays a role
        
        Feminist wives talk longer than their partners
        
        Nonfeminist wives speak less than their hunsbands
  - - - Similarities
        
        Both Women and Men bodies make the same hormones, but the amount they produce differ
      - Differences
        
        Men with high testosterone levels are more competitive than those with lower level of the hormones and respond more emotionally when faced with setbacks.
        
        Men with higher level of testosterone are less likely than others to engage in emotional, socially connecting language.
        
        Women are moody because of cyclic changes in estrogen, only 3 to 8 percent of women experience hormonal moods swings beyond the range of everyday emotions.
    - - Similarities
        
        Shapes the way men and women communicate
        
        Society, power and material success
      - Differences
        
        Men are expected to serve as the providers
        
        Women have historically had less overt power and occupied more nurturing roles.
  - - - Focus on the unexpressed-feelings part of a message , consider being more oriented.
      - First instinct is to be supportive, consider the value of offering advise.
      - Of advise is your reflexive way of responding, think about weather offering support and understanding might sometimes be more helpful.