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Social Cognition (Automatic Thinking (Schemas (Schema Selection (Priming …

- - - - can mean life or death
        eg. Amidou Diallo... black male mistaken for a well-known rapist reaches for cell-phone and gets shot 41 times
    - - Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
        when our expectations of someone influences the way we treat them, which leads to that person acting the way we expected all along
        
        Example: Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)
        IQ test start of term -> teachers told of students that were bloomers (randomly chosen) -> at the end of the year the bloomers improved IQ scores
        teachers gave bloomers more attention and more challenging material
    - - Long Term Familiar Reminders
        eg. baby is crying because its upset... (family history of temper tantrums)
      - Priming
        eg. baby is crying because it someone hurt the baby...
        (recently viewing a documentary about child abuse)
        
        RONALD/DONALD
        after reading a paragraph about donald, 2 groups were told to memorize 5 words (either positive or negative), those that memorized 5 positive words were more likely to have a positive impression of ronald
        
        Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996) used scrambled sentence tasks to prime them
        1) when scrambling rude vs. neutral or positive sentences participants were more likely to interrupt a rude experimenter
        2) When scrambling elderly related sentences vs. neutral, people walked slower in a timed walking test
    - - Perseverance Effect: People's belief persisted even after supporting evidence is discredited
  - - - Are shark attacks more common than being hit by plane parts.... NO but recalling a shark attack comes to mind faster therefore we think it must be true
    - - Base Rate Information: info about the frequency of members of different categories in a population
      - Example: is Simon a Arts student or Computer Science student...
        
        he likes coding
        
        he is shy
        Therefore he SOUNDS like a comp sci student but there are MORE arts students so it is more likely that he is an arts student
    - - Example: guessing how many people live in turkey...
        more or less that 20 million?
        (most of us stayed within 5-10 million but its actually 74 million
- - - - Proximity
        
        Makes the counterfactual easier to imagine when the actual situation is closer to the counterfactual
        eg. Chris missed the bus by 5 min... Tina missed it by 5 seconds
        
        We construct mental models of events including how different factors could have influenced possible outcomes -> our emotions are stronger if we only have to change these factors slightly to achieve a more desirable outcome
        
        Medvec (1995) Olympic Medalist Study
        
        found that bronze medalists were happier than bronze medalists because silver medalists made comparisons upwards "I could have done better" whereas the bronze medalists made comparisons downwards "I could have done worse"
      - Exception vs. Routine
        
        unusual events are easier than normal events to undo in our imagination
        
        Mr. jones gets killed after talking unusual route home.... easy to think "if only he hadn't taken his normal way"
        
        Exceptional events also influence the compensation awarded to the victims
        
        Miller and McFarlane (1986)
        Higher compensation offered to the man when he was injured in the robbery of a store he did not usually go into versus a store he routinely went to
      - Controllability
        
        We attempt to undo actions that are under the control of the person we are focusing on
        
        Eg. Lets say Mr. Jones gets hit by a drunk driver.
        few respondents completed an "if only..." by removing the drunk teen from the situation (however relatives remove the teen)
        PROBLEM!!!
        can lead to victim blaming
      - Action vs. Inaction
        
        Action is more regrettable that inaction (stocks example)
        But
        this is most seen in the short term where as in the long-term, inaction is more regrettable
        
        Inaction and Regret
        Gilovich & Medvec (1994)
        75% of people report regret over things that they wish they had done
        
        missed educational opportunities
        
        failure to seize the moment
        
        not spending enough time with friends and family
  - - - Focused Distraction - simply think of something else
        
        Un-focused Self-Distraction:
        every time the unwanted thought pops up think about a different distractor (be careful not to associate distractors with the unwanted thought)
        
        Focused Self-Distraction:
        every time the unwanted thought pops up think about the same distractor eg. red VW
      - Thought Postponement - postpose thinking about the unwanted thought rather than attempting to erase it
        EXAMPLE: set aside 1/2 an hour for worrying and focus on the present moment
      - Paradoxical Approaches - intentionally thinking about or seeking exposure to the unwanted thought
        EXAMPLE: used to treat phobias by desensitization
      - Disclosure and Writing - writing down and therefore revealing the deepest and inner most thoughts and feelings
        
        putting into words helps make the feelings more understandable
        
        coming to terms with the thoughts involve inventing ways to bring them back into the life story