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Nonverbal Communication (Principles and Functions of Nonverbal…

- - - - Nonvocal elements of nonverbal communication include body language such as gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
  - - - Messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other.
  - - - Nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two people.
    - - Verbal and nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators.
  - - - Examples of artifacts include our clothes, jewelry, and space decorations.
- - - - here are three main types of gestures: adaptors, emblems, and illustrators.
      - Adaptors
        
        Touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to arousal or anxiety and may be directed at the self, others, or objects.
      - Emblems
        
        Gestures that have specific agreed-on meanings.
      - Illustrators
        
        The most common type of gesture, used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany.
    - - I group head movements and posture together because they are often both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness.
    - - We also communicate through eye behaviors, primarily eye contact.
    - - Our faces are the most expressive part of our bodies.
        
        Much research has supported the universality of a core group of facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust.
    - - Think of how touch has the power to comfort someone in moment of sorrow when words alone cannot. This positive power of touch is countered by the potential for touch to be threatening because of its connection to sex and violence.
    - - Vocalics is the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers.
      - various communicative functions of vocalics
        
        Repetition. Vocalic cues reinforce other verbal and nonverbal cues
        
        Complementing. Vocalic cues elaborate on or modify verbal and nonverbal meaning
        
        Accenting. Vocalic cues allow us to emphasize particular parts of a message, which helps determine meaning
        
        Substituting. Vocalic cues can take the place of other verbal or nonverbal cues
        
        Regulating. Vocalic cues help regulate the flow of conversations
        
        Contradicting. Vocalic cues may contradict other verbal or nonverbal signals
    - - Proxemics refers to the study of how space and distance influence communication. We only need look at the ways in which space shows up in common metaphors to see that space, communication, and relationships are closely related.
      - Proxemic Distances
        
        Public and social zones refer to the space four or more feet away from our body, and the communication that typically occurs in these zones is formal and not intimate.
        
        Communication that occurs in the social zone, which is four to twelve feet away from our body, is typically in the context of a professional or casual interaction, but not intimate or public
        
        Personal and intimate zones refer to the space that starts at our physical body and extends four feet. These zones are reserved for friends, close acquaintances, and significant others.
        
        As we breach the invisible line that is 1.5 feet from our body, we enter the intimate zone, which is reserved for only the closest friends, family, and romantic/intimate partners.
    - - Territoriality is an innate drive to take up and defend spaces.
        
        There are three main divisions for territory: primary, secondary, and public.
        
        Secondary territories don’t belong to us and aren’t exclusively under our control, but they are associated with us, which may lead us to assume that the space will be open and available to us when we need it without us taking any further steps to reserve it.
        
        Public territories are open to all people. People are allowed to mark public territory and use it for a limited period of time, but space is often up for grabs, which makes public space difficult to manage for some people and can lead to conflict.
        
        ometimes our claim to a space is official. These spaces are known as our primary territories because they are marked or understood to be exclusively ours and under our control.
        
        A person’s house, yard, room, desk, side of the bed, or shelf in the medicine cabinet could be considered primary territories
    - - Chronemics refers to the study of how time affects communication. Time can be classified into several different categories, including biological, personal, physical, and cultural time.
        
        Personal time refers to the ways in which individuals experience time. The way we experience time varies based on our mood, our interest level, and other factors.
        
        Physical time refers to the fixed cycles of days, years, and seasons. Physical time, especially seasons, can affect our mood and psychological states.
        
        Biological time refers to the rhythms of living things. Humans follow a circadian rhythm, meaning that we are on a daily cycle that influences when we eat, sleep, and wake.
        
        Cultural time refers to how a large group of people view time. Polychronic people do not view time as a linear progression that needs to be divided into small units and scheduled in advance.
    - - Personal presentation involves two components: our physical characteristics and the artifacts with which we adorn and surround ourselves.
        
        Physical characteristics include body shape, height, weight, attractiveness, and other physical features of our bodies
- - - - This phenomenon is known as mirroring, which refers to the often subconscious practice of using nonverbal cues in a way that match those of others around us.