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Nervous System (Senses (Receptor Type by Stimulus Type (Thermoreceptor:…

- - - - Origin: internal organs
    - - Stimulus origin: environment. Special senses: sight, hearing, taste, olfaction, equilibrium
    - - Origin: muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints
  - - - Fibrous Layers
        
        Sclera
        
        White anchor for intrinsic eye muscles. Dense connective tissue that is protective and gives shape
        
        Cornea
        
        Transparent and for the focusing of light as it passes into the eye
      - Vascular Layer
        
        Choroid
        
        Black and vasculated part that nourishes other tunics. Its pigment absorbs light and prevents scattering. Continuous with ciliary body to change lens shape.
      - Inner Layer
        
        Retina
        
        Has photoreceptors whose axons converge to form the optic nerve through the optic canal.
    - - Rods
        
        Most abundant. Sensitive to light/dark.
      - Cones
        
        Give color vision. Best in bright light.
    - - Lens
        
        Focuses light on retina (with the help of the cornea)
      - Pupil
        
        Hole/aperture
      - Iris
        
        Colored part of eye that is an intrinsic muscle for dilation/constriction of pupil
      - Optic Disc
        
        Blind spot, no photoreceptors
      - Fovea centralis
        
        Within the macula lutea
    - - Posterior Segment
        
        Boundary of lens and ciliary body to posterior wall. Filled with vitreous humor (gel-like)
        
        Transmits light, supports lens/retina, maintains pressure in eye
      - Anterior Segment
        
        Of the lens to cornea, filled with aqueous humor (which nourishes lens/cornea).
        
        Anterior chamber is from cornea to iris
        
        Posterior chamber is from iris to lens, the posterior segment
    - - Cornea to lens (which both focus light) to retina (photoreceptors) to optic nerve (cranial nerve II) to optic chiasm(a) to optic tract to midbrain to thalamus to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
  - - - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory sensory neurons
    - - From roof of nasal cavity with olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb to the olfactory tract to the limbic region (emotional brain) and the primary olfactory cortex (in temporal lobe) to/of the brain
  - - - In tongue, inner cheeks, pharynx, palate, and epiglottis
    - - Facial nerves (CN VII)
      - Glossopharyngeal (CN IV)
      - Vagus (CN X)
    - - Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, and vagus to the medulla oblongata
  - - - The auricle or pinna
        
        Funnels sound waves to inner ear with some amplification
    - - Toward the ear drum or tympanic membrane. This transmits vibrations.
    - - Transmit vibrations to cochlea
    - - Fluid organ that takes vibrations to becomes electrical impulses along the cochlear and vestibular nerve (CN VIII)
    - - Continues to medulla oblongata to pons to midbrain to thalamus to primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
    - - External ear to external acoustic meatus to ear drum to auditory ossicles to cochlea to vestibulocochlear nerve (nerve for sense of equilibrium)
- - - - Motor output via motor units. A motor unit is a motor neuron and all controlled muscle fibers
  - - - Controls the skin, body wall, skeletal muscles, torso/trunk, and all except the ventral body cavity contents
    - - A part of skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and the special senses of hearing, equilibrium, and vision
  - - - Mainly acts for ventral body cavity contents and gustation/olfaction
    - - Mainly acts for ventral body cavity organs, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands of various kinds, erector pili muscle, smooth muscle of hollow organs and blood vessels
- - - - Short branch-like extension of neuron that receives electrical impulses from other neurons at the synapse toward the cell body
    - - Transmits electrical impulse and has Nodes of Ranvier to assist this
    - - Neuromuscular junction that transfer neurotransmitters
    - - End of axon before synapse of one neuron
    - - Cellular center of neuron housing nucleus
    - - Houses DNA, produces proteins, and manages cellular functions
    - - axon branch off main axon extension
    - - the granules that are prevalent in a neuron's cytoplasm; these granules are rich in ribosomes and rough ER and therefore stain basophilically
    - - End of cell body connecting to beginning of axon
  - - - Most common and familiar with
  - - - Efferent and multipolar
    - - Afferent are unipolar. Special sensory are mostly bipolar.
    - - CNS only, between neurons. Have multipolar structure.
- - - - Astrocyte
        
        Most abundant. Processes cover axons and capillaries. These maintain proper chemical environment for electrical signals across axon membrane
      - Microglia
        
        A phagocyte that destroys invading microbes and heals damaged nervous tissue
      - Ependymal Cells
        
        Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium. Ciliated apical surface (to circulate cerebrospinal fluid) and microvilli at opposite surface. Located in brain ventricles.
      - Oligodendrocyte
        
        Aids myelination. Has plasma membrane that becomes part of myelin sheath bundles. Can interconnect myelin sheath bundles of multiple axons.
    - - Satellite Cells
        
        Surround and support neuron cell bodies. Found in ganglia.
      - Schwann Cells
        
        Wraps many times about axon and creates/forms the myelin sheath around axon(s)