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Classifications of borrowings- words are different from native ones by…
Classifications of borrowings
- words are different from native ones
by their phonetic structure, by their morphological structure and also by their grammatical forms.
can be classified according to different criteria:
a) according to the aspect which is borrowed;
b) according to the degree of assimilation;
c) according to the language from which the word was borrowed.
Classification of Borrowings According to the Borrowed Aspect
There are the following groups:
phonetic borrowings
are the most characteristic ones in all languages
(
labour, travel, table, chair, people
)
translation loans
are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-morpheme) translations of some foreign words or expressions
(
to take the bull by the horns
(Latin),
fair sex
(French),
collective farm
(Russian)
semantic borrowings
are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed
to live for the word to dwell
which in Old English had the meaning
*to wander
morphemic borrowings
are borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many
words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another
goddes
(native root + Romanic suffix -ess),
uneatable
(English prefix un- + English root +Romanic suffix -able)
Classification of Borrowings According to the Degree of Assimilation
The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors:
a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed
b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form
c) how often the borrowing is used in the language
d) how long the word lives in the language (the longer it lives, the more assimilated it is).
Completely assimilated
borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language
correct – corrected
the stress has been shifted from the last syllable to the first one:
capital, service
.
s-inflexion:
gate – gates
Partly assimilated
a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically
sari, sombrero (clothing), taiga,steppe (nature), rickshaw, troika(foreign vehicles), rupee, zloty, peseta (money)
b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically
bacillus-bacilli, genius-genii
c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically
police, cartoon, camouflage, boulevard
d) borrowings partly assimilated graphically
in Greek borrowings ph denotes the sound
[f]
(
phoneme, morpheme
), ch denotes the sound
[k]
(
chaos, chemistry
)
Non-assimilated borrowings
(barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather
seldom and are non-assimilated,
addio (Italian), têt-á- têt (French), duende (Spanish).