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Plant and Animal Responses (Animals (Actograms are charts showing the…
Plant and Animal Responses
Plants
Orientation Responses
Photo is light
Hydro is water
Geo/Gravi is gravity
Thigmo is touch
Thermo is heat
Chemo is chemical
Tropism is a directional movement towards a stimulus
Nastic is a non-directional movement towards a stimulus
Auxin
Auxin is a growth hormone found in the tip of a plant shoot that relates to phototropism. When a plant is in the sunlight the auxin will move away from the sunlight to the dark side of the plant. It is a growth hormone so it will cause the cells on the dark side to elongate which will cause the plant to bend towards the sun.
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism is a plants response to daylength. It is controlled by a pigment called phytocrome which comes in 2 forms - Pr and Pfr. During the day the plant collects Pr from sunlight and immediately turns it into Pfr then during the night Pfr is converted back to Pr
Some plants are called long day plants. These plants will flower in summer while there are long days. The plant uses the phytocrome system to determine when the right time to flower is. When there are long days and short nights lots of Pfr from sunlight will build up and not much of it will be turned back to Pr at night and the plant will sense that it has lots of Pfr so it will know its time to flower
Some plants are called short day plants. These plants will flower in winter while there are short days. The plant uses the phytocrome system to determine when the right time to flower is. When there are short days and long nights there won't be much Pfr from sunlight because the day is short and and it will all be turned to Pr at night so the plant will sense that it has lots of Pr so it will know its time to flower
There is something called critical day length for a plant. This is the maximum or minimum amount of day light hours a plant need before it will flower
Animals
Orientation Responses
Photo is light
Hydro is water
Geo/Gravi is gravity
Thigmo is touch
Thermo is heat
Chemo is chemicals
Rheo is current
Taxes is a directional movement towards a stimulus
Kinesis is a non-directional movement towards a stimulus
Actograms
are charts showing the times an animal is active and how it reacts without external cues
Active Hours
Nocturnal is when an animal is active only at night
Crepuscular is when an animal is active at dusk and dawn
Diurnal is when an animal is active only during the day
A zeitgeber is an external or environmental cue which animals often use for entrainment
Rhythms
Entrainment is the resetting of the biological clock in order for the animals behaviour to fit in with its environment
The free running period is the amount of time between active periods based only on the endogenous clock when there are no external cues affecting it
Exogenous is an external rhythm
Endogenous is an internal rhythm
Innate behaviour is behaviour that is inherited from birth, not learned
Relationships
Intraspecific is a relationship between members of the same species
When animals of the same species compete for resources, space or mates it is called competition. This is not beneficial because it harms both animals because they have to fight which wastes energy
When animals of the same species work together it is called cooperative behaviour. This is often beneficial because it provides more protection, more chance of finding resources and more mates
Pair bonding is when two animals mate for life and will stay together and raise young together without ever having another mate. This is helpful because it avoids wasting energy attracting another mate every mating season but is bad because it reduces genetic diversity
Hierachy is a way of organising a group of animals based on their dominance. There can either be a linear order where every member is ranked above and below another or a complex hierachy where there are breeding pairs and families and groups all on the same level within the group
Interspecific is a relationship between different species
Amensalism is when one organism is harmed but the other isn't affected
Antibiosis is when an organism releases a substance that harms another but doesn't affect it
Commensalism is when one organism in the relationship gains and the other isn't affected
Competition is when two organisms are fighting for something which will harm them both
Exploitation is when one organism benefits from the harm of another
Mutualism is when both organisms in the relationship will benefit from each other
Territory
Territory is an area which is fiercely defended by an animal because it contains its nest. This area is often used for rearing young and collecting resources and will never overlap with another animals
Home range is a larger area which the territory is inside. This area is not defended so often it will overlap with another animals and it is mainly used for collecting additional resources
Migration
The seasonal or annual mass movement of a species from one area to another. This is often done because of the weather, lack or resources, more predators or need to mate. It is very beneficial to a species because it means more genetic diversity and often provides more oppertunitites to survive and thrive
Methods of Migration and Homing