Immigrants risk their lives to get to Europe, North America, Australia, and China for better opportunities.

The United States uses a "wet foot, dry foot" policy with Cuban immigrants; if they are intercepted at sea, they are deported, but if they make it to land, they can stay.

Perception is an overwhelming factor in migration: as long as immigrants perceive a better life abroad, they will continue to migrate.

Remittances are the money that migrants send back to their home/families. Remittances is Haiti make up over 30% of their gross domestic product, more than exports. When the US's economy dropped, migrants started asking for money from their home country; these are called reverse remittances.

Out of the 31.2 million immigrants in the US, 20.4 million are legal. The Dominican Republic is the US's 2nd largest source of immigrants, after Mexico. The majority of agricultural worker also comes from Mexico

After 9/11, the US built fences along its Mexican border, hired more border patrols, and installed new technology to intercept terrorists. The walls are designed so that people can't climb over them, but so people can speak with each other. They are marked with memorials and empty water bottles for Mexicans who died crossing the border.

NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement: between US, Canada, and Mexico

Begins at our home base and brings us back to it. Most people have a daily routine that has short moves in a local area called activity spaces.

Cyclic Movement involves shorter periods away from home; Periodic Movement involves longer periods away from home; Migration involves a degree of permanence.

Commuting is a cyclic movement. Another form is seasonal movement; this has huge economic consequences.

Another type of cyclic movement is nomadism, which is a matter of survival, culture, and tradition. Nomadic movement is purposeful and takes place along familiar routes repeated time and time again.

A type of periodic movement is migrant labor. The need migrant labor is the farm fields of the US creates a large flow of cross-border movers, many who become immigrants.

A specialized system of periodic movement is transhumance, which is a system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to seasonal availability of pastures. Unlike nomadism, this involves a long period of residential relocation. It can be found in Switzerland and the "Horn of Northeast Africa.

Military Service is another kind of periodic movement. In a year, 10 million people and their families are moved to new locations. Going to a far away college is also a periodic movement.

International migration is movement across country borders; also called transnational migration. Internal Migration occurs within a single countries borders. Ex: African Americans migrating from south to north for jobs during the early 20th century.

Mobility in the US depends on the economy. In 2007 and 2008, the mobility was the lowest since the war because of the downturn of the economy. The mortgage crisis and higher unemployment rates led to a reduction in long-distance moves.

After reaching their destination country, many international immigrants also migrate internally. Many people migrated to the south in the 1990's because of the warm climates and available jobs.

In Peru, the pattern of mobility is from rural to urban. The capital, Lima, is the global and national investment capital and is the major focus of economic opportunity for the rural population. Lima receives the majority of Peru's migrants.

The decision to migrate happens to an individual migrant within a household, place, country, region, or world, each of which has it's own dynamics.

African civilization took a major hit after the slave trade. Many people in the Caribbean are of African-Caribbean descent, and there are not many indigenous people left on the islands.

In 1788, Great Britain shipped shipped tens of thousands of convicts to Australia.

In the 1800s, the US government took land from the Native Americans and forcibly moved the tribes.

Between the late 1920s and 1953, Stalin's government moved millions of non-Russians from their homes to remote parts of Siberia and Asia for political reasons.

During the 1930s, Nazis forced Jews from portions of western Europe.

After the 2012 earthquake, the Department of Homeland Security granted all Haiti nationals an 18 month temporary protected status.

After the Taliban took control of Afghanistan, the Pakistan government forced the repatriation of thousands of Afghans; they sent the refugees back to Afghanistan.

5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

Distance decay affects pull factors. The farther away a destination is, the less information a migrant has on that place, which makes it less likely that they will migrate there.

Step migration is the idea that migration consists of a series of stages instead of a long unbroken route. Intervening opportunity is when a migrant stops at one of the steps along the way to get to their destination, and stays there instead.

Migrants can arrive legally in a country and get a visa. They can also arrive illegally and risk being deported.

The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 states. The G-20 are the 20 largest economies in the world.

A study in Toronto showed that nanny agencies portrayed certain ethnicity according to stereotypes and contractors are known to hire Mexicans based on their racial stereotype.

The Cuban communist dictatorship expelled more than 125,000 Cubans in 1980 int the "Mariel Boatlift."

Politically driven flows are marked by both escape and expulsion.

During the mid-1900s, a civil war engulfed Rwanda and pitted militant Hutu against the minority Tutsi and "moderate" Hutu. It killed 800,000-1 million and produced a huge migration flow into Congo and Tanzania. More than 2 million fled Rwanda.

After the volcanic eruption on Montserrat, there was a migration flow because of the still active volcano. Half of the island is now an Exclusion Zone and people aren't allowed in this zone. The remaining people have to live in the north where the soil is thin and the land is rocky, making it difficult to live. Over 7000 people migrated off of the island, leaving 3000 to go to the north.

The decline in white power and uncertain political conditions in South Africa during the mid 1990s impelled many whites to emigrate to Australia, Europe, and North America.

News travels faster now, including job opportunities and ways to reach their destination.

Chains of migration built upon each other create immigration waves or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.

Before 1500, long-distance,global-scale migration occurred haphazardly, typically in pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration.

African slaves were the first non-American Indian settlers in the Americas. As this was happening, the British took control of South Asia and transported tens of thousands of "indentured" worker from present day India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka to East and South Africa. The British also relocated Asians from India to Caribbean countries.

An Island of Development is when port cities become islands of economic development within larger undeveloped regions

Young men migrated to coastal Nigeria to work in the oil economy and sent home money to their families, until 1980s when the economy took a fall. The Nigerian government forcibly pushed out 2 million foreign workers.

Millions of Chinese workers fled famine and political strife in southern China to work as contract laborers in Southeast Asia. Many remained and their descendants contribute to a Chinese minority in Southeastern Asian countries. The Chinese in Southeast Asia became leader in trade, commerce, and finance.

Through a series of wars, Israel expanded its area of territorial control and built settlements in Palestinian territories.

Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959. During the 1960s, the Cuban government was establishing a communist party and Cuban as a communist state, and the number of Cuban immigrants to the US swelled. Most Cubans immigrated and stayed in Miami, Florida. The "wet foot, dry foot" policy was set in place in 1995, and stemmed the flow of Cuban immigrants.

In the 1970s, the trend started to reverse. African American heading down South again. Although the 1960s civil rights movement didn't change the south overnight, it played a role in the reverse migration. Disillusionment with deteriorating living conditions in the Rustbelt, along with growing economic opportunities drew African Americans southward.

During the communist period, the Soviet Union employed the policy of Russification, which sought to assimilate all he people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture.

1 million Mexicans successfully cross into the US each year. As a result, northern areas of Mexico are experiencing a labor shortage. As a result, Mexican worker from areas farther south in the country are migrating northward. Many of these Mexicans are Huichol Indians, one of Mexico's indigenous populations.

The German Government finally allowed the Turks to become German citizens in 2005.

In Europe, guest workers have created new temples, mosques, restaurants, grocery stores, shops, service industries and changes Europe's cultural landscape.

A refugee is a person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member-ship of a particular social group or political opinion. Countries interpret this in different ways because of how broad "wellfounded" is.

In Jordan, Palestinian refugees have been so integrated into the host countries national life that they are regarded as permanent refugees. In Lebanon, Palestinians wait in refugee camps for resettlement and still qualify as temporary refugees,

Once violence subsides in a place and the conditions improve, the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands, a process called repatriation.

In the 1990s, hostility broke out between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda that led to a genocide killing hundreds of thousands and more than 1 million refugees fleeing.

When the US and it's allies started bombing Afghanistan after 9/11, thousands of Afghan refugees climbed across mountains to reach Pakistan and traveled by foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan generated a double migration stream into Iran and Pakistan. US support for the Muslim forces helped produce a stalemate, but after Soviet left, a power struggle among Afghan factions generated more migration.

In 2005, northern and southern Sudan signed the Comprehensive peace agreement, which called for a vote of the south's people to decide whether or not to break off as a country. In 2011, south Sudan broke off and officially became a country.

In Sri Lanka, a civil war arose from demands by the minority Tamils for an independent state on the Sinhalese controlled island. It severely damaged the economy and internally displaced 200,000.

Today, the largest refugee camps are for IDPs in Myanmar. Victims of the 2004 tsunami, 2008 cyclone, and the repressive rule of generals seek refuge in the camps.

In the 1990s, the collapse of Yugoslavia created the largest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of WW2. Even after the implementation of a peace agreement, the Dayton Records, the UNHCR still reports over 100,000 IDP's in the area.

In the Western Hemisphere, only Columbia has a serious IDP problem, caused by the countries instability associated with narcotics. Some rural areas are beyond the governments control and get attacked by "narcoterrorists."

The Great Wall, the Berlin Wall, the fences around the Rio Grande and the US were all created to stop immigration.

Legal restrictions are used more often to limit immigration. The US congress designed immigration laws to prevent the immigration of the Chinese to CA.

After WW1, the US turned to isolationism and congress feared growing migration. In 1910, the greatest proportion of immigrants came from northern and western Europe.

In 1940, congress modified the restrictions on immigration; gave China equal status to European countries, and in 1952, granted Japan similarly and immigration began to rise again.

Many countries practice selective immigration, in which individuals with certain backrounds are barred from entering.

The Justice Department has a policy that allows it to detain any illegal immigrant. The government has stepped up questioning and inspections at travel checkpoints