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Migration (Why Do People Migrate? (Forced Migration (Although no other…

- - - - Studies show that men migrate more and farther than women; men generally have better job opportunities and get paid better. Mexican households with a strong patriarchal system shield young women from migration and send young men out to work. If they don't have a strong system, young unmarried women get sent to the city/another country to gain employment.
        
        The decision to migrate happens to an individual migrant within a household, place, country, region, or world, each of which has it's own dynamics.
  - - - A majority of the Africans were forced into the Caribbean region; from coastal Central America to Brazil.
        
        Wealth promised through plantation agriculture from the southeastern US to Brazil created a demand for slaves by plantation owners.
        
        Sugar was the most economically important crop in the 1700s followed by coffee, cotton and fruit.
        
        Most impacted region tbd
        
        African civilization took a major hit after the slave trade. Many people in the Caribbean are of African-Caribbean descent, and there are not many indigenous people left on the islands.
    - - In 1788, Great Britain shipped shipped tens of thousands of convicts to Australia.
      - In the 1800s, the US government took land from the Native Americans and forcibly moved the tribes.
      - Between the late 1920s and 1953, Stalin's government moved millions of non-Russians from their homes to remote parts of Siberia and Asia for political reasons.
      - During the 1930s, Nazis forced Jews from portions of western Europe.
    - - After the 2012 earthquake, the Department of Homeland Security granted all Haiti nationals an 18 month temporary protected status.
    - - After the Taliban took control of Afghanistan, the Pakistan government forced the repatriation of thousands of Afghans; they sent the refugees back to Afghanistan.
  - - - Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration
        
        The majority of migrants move a short distance
        
        Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
        
        Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas
        
        Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults
    - - (Population*Population) / distance between populations
    - - Because a migrant is more familiar with his/her place of residence than the locale he/she is moving, the migrant will perceive push factors more accurately than pull factors.
        
        Distance decay affects pull factors. The farther away a destination is, the less information a migrant has on that place, which makes it less likely that they will migrate there.
  - - - Migrants can arrive legally in a country and get a visa. They can also arrive illegally and risk being deported.
    - - Poverty drives migrants from their homelands to places with perceived opportunities. Lower economic positions of migrants in their host countries can lead to exploitation.
        
        The United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families establishes a standard of treatment for migrant workers. The US has not signed it along with 16 of the G-20 states.
        
        The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 states. The G-20 are the 20 largest economies in the world.
    - - Gender, ethnicity, race, and money are all factors in the decision to migrate. Employers of migrant workers often have perceptions of what kind of migrants would work best for them.
        
        A study in Toronto showed that nanny agencies portrayed certain ethnicity according to stereotypes and contractors are known to hire Mexicans based on their racial stereotype.
  - - - Desperate migrants fled Vietnam by the hundreds of thousands after communists took control in 1975.
        
        in 1972 Uganda's dictator Idi Amin, expelled 50,000 Asians and Ugandans of Asian descent from his country.
        
        The Cuban communist dictatorship expelled more than 125,000 Cubans in 1980 int the "Mariel Boatlift."
  - - - During the mid-1900s, a civil war engulfed Rwanda and pitted militant Hutu against the minority Tutsi and "moderate" Hutu. It killed 800,000-1 million and produced a huge migration flow into Congo and Tanzania. More than 2 million fled Rwanda.
  - - - The population of New Orleans dropped 11% as a result of hurricane Katrina. The proportion of children also fell from 27% to 23%; families with children are moving out of the city center and into the suburbs.
        
        After the volcanic eruption on Montserrat, there was a migration flow because of the still active volcano. Half of the island is now an Exclusion Zone and people aren't allowed in this zone. The remaining people have to live in the north where the soil is thin and the land is rocky, making it difficult to live. Over 7000 people migrated off of the island, leaving 3000 to go to the north.
  - - - In the 1990s, more than 2 millions Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel and other destinations.
        
        The decline in white power and uncertain political conditions in South Africa during the mid 1990s impelled many whites to emigrate to Australia, Europe, and North America.
  - - - News travels faster now, including job opportunities and ways to reach their destination.
    - - Geographers call flows along and through kinship links chain migration. When a migrant reassures family and friends that a new community has been formed, this encourages further migration along that chain.
        
        Chains of migration built upon each other create immigration waves or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.
- - - - The Europeans first colonized the Americas, the coasts of Africa, and parts of Asia from the 1500s to the 1800s. Then, Europeans colonized interior Africa and Asia starting in the late 1800s and into the 1900s.
        
        Europeans emigrated the the Americas slowly. Before 1830s, 2.75 million Europeans left to settle overseas. The British went to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
        
        From Spain and Portugal, hundreds of thousands of Europeans emigrated to Middle and South America. The rate of European emigration increased sharply between 1835 and 1935, with 75 million departing for colonies in Africa and Asia, and for economic opportunities in the Americas.
        
        African slaves were the first non-American Indian settlers in the Americas. As this was happening, the British took control of South Asia and transported tens of thousands of "indentured" worker from present day India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka to East and South Africa. The British also relocated Asians from India to Caribbean countries.
  - - - An Island of Development is when port cities become islands of economic development within larger undeveloped regions
      - Young men migrated to coastal Nigeria to work in the oil economy and sent home money to their families, until 1980s when the economy took a fall. The Nigerian government forcibly pushed out 2 million foreign workers.
      - Millions of Chinese workers fled famine and political strife in southern China to work as contract laborers in Southeast Asia. Many remained and their descendants contribute to a Chinese minority in Southeastern Asian countries. The Chinese in Southeast Asia became leader in trade, commerce, and finance.
    - - From 1919 to 1948, the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland held control over Palestine, and Britain encouraged the Jews to migrate back to it. In 1948, 750,000 Jews lived in Palestine when the UN partitioned the area as the independent state of Israel. After this, 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled out of Israeli territories to Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and beyond.
        
        Through a series of wars, Israel expanded its area of territorial control and built settlements in Palestinian territories.
    - - After WW2, 15 million Germans migrated westward. Before the Berlin Wall was built, several million Germans fled Soviet-controlled East Germany into what was then West Germany. Millions of migrants left Europe to go to the US, Canada, Australia, Israel, Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela. 8 million people in total.
        
        Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959. During the 1960s, the Cuban government was establishing a communist party and Cuban as a communist state, and the number of Cuban immigrants to the US swelled. Most Cubans immigrated and stayed in Miami, Florida. The "wet foot, dry foot" policy was set in place in 1995, and stemmed the flow of Cuban immigrants.
  - - - In the 1970s, the trend started to reverse. African American heading down South again. Although the 1960s civil rights movement didn't change the south overnight, it played a role in the reverse migration. Disillusionment with deteriorating living conditions in the Rustbelt, along with growing economic opportunities drew African Americans southward.
    - - During the communist period, the Soviet Union employed the policy of Russification, which sought to assimilate all he people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture.
  - - - Workers from poorer European countries migrated to economically growing areas, and millions of foreign workers immigrated from North Africa (majority to France), Turkey (mostly to Germany), the Caribbean, India and Africa. (Many to the UK)
        
        The German Government finally allowed the Turks to become German citizens in 2005.
        
        Guest workers often work as agricultural laborers, or in service industries, including hotels, restaurants, and tourist attractions. Many guest workers are abused by their employer because they don't know their rights.
        
        In Europe, guest workers have created new temples, mosques, restaurants, grocery stores, shops, service industries and changes Europe's cultural landscape.
  - - - The UNHCR organizes and funds international relief efforts and negotiates with governments and regimes on behalf of the refugees.
        
        A refugee is a person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member-ship of a particular social group or political opinion. Countries interpret this in different ways because of how broad "wellfounded" is.
    - - Asylum is the right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives.
        
        In Jordan, Palestinian refugees have been so integrated into the host countries national life that they are regarded as permanent refugees. In Lebanon, Palestinians wait in refugee camps for resettlement and still qualify as temporary refugees,
    - - The region of North Africa and Southwest Asia generates over half of all refugees. Subsaharan Africa comes in second with 20% of the refugees.
        
        When the US and it's allies started bombing Afghanistan after 9/11, thousands of Afghan refugees climbed across mountains to reach Pakistan and traveled by foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat.
      - North Africa and Southwest Asia
        
        Conflict in Afghanistan has lasted more than 30 years, generating the largest refugee flow in the world.
        
        The Gulf War of 1991 and the current war in Iraq have generated millions of refugees. After Iraq invaded Kuwait, many Kurdish people went across the Turkish and Iranian borders. The US made a secure zone for the Kurd's in northern Iraq.
        
        The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan generated a double migration stream into Iran and Pakistan. US support for the Muslim forces helped produce a stalemate, but after Soviet left, a power struggle among Afghan factions generated more migration.
      - Africa
        
        In 1997, civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone sent hundreds of thousands of refugees streaming into Guinea and the Ivory Coast.
        
        The conflict in Sudan was between the north (Arab and Muslim) and the south (black African, christian, or animist). The government in Khartoum, in Muslim north, waged a genocide towards ethnic groups in the south. (1983-2005) 2.2 million died, and 5 million were displaced.
        
        In 2002, north and south made a peace deal, but shortly after violence began in the Darfur region in western Sudan. The Arab-Muslim government began a genocide against non-Arab Muslims in Dafur. The Sudan government funds the Janjaweed, which is the militia behind the genocide.
        
        Genocide is acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole, or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
        
        In 2005, northern and southern Sudan signed the Comprehensive peace agreement, which called for a vote of the south's people to decide whether or not to break off as a country. In 2011, south Sudan broke off and officially became a country.
      - South Asia
        
        South Asia is the third-ranking in refugee numbers because of Pakistan's role in accommodating Afghanistan's refugees
        
        In Sri Lanka, a civil war arose from demands by the minority Tamils for an independent state on the Sinhalese controlled island. It severely damaged the economy and internally displaced 200,000.
      - Southeast Asia
        
        Between 1 and 2 million people fled Vietnam after the war ended in 1975.
        
        In the early 1990s, Cambodia produced 300,000 refugees escaping their countries violence and ending up in Thailand.
        
        Today, the largest refugee camps are for IDPs in Myanmar. Victims of the 2004 tsunami, 2008 cyclone, and the repressive rule of generals seek refuge in the camps.
      - Europe
        
        In the 1990s, the collapse of Yugoslavia created the largest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of WW2. Even after the implementation of a peace agreement, the Dayton Records, the UNHCR still reports over 100,000 IDP's in the area.
      - Other Regions
        
        In the Western Hemisphere, only Columbia has a serious IDP problem, caused by the countries instability associated with narcotics. Some rural areas are beyond the governments control and get attacked by "narcoterrorists."
- - - - After WW1, the US turned to isolationism and congress feared growing migration. In 1910, the greatest proportion of immigrants came from northern and western Europe.
    - - In 1940, congress modified the restrictions on immigration; gave China equal status to European countries, and in 1952, granted Japan similarly and immigration began to rise again.
    - - Many countries practice selective immigration, in which individuals with certain backrounds are barred from entering.
  - - - The Justice Department has a policy that allows it to detain any illegal immigrant. The government has stepped up questioning and inspections at travel checkpoints