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Chemistry lecture 6: thermodynamics (Phase boundaries (all liquids and…
Chemistry lecture 6: thermodynamics
Conditions for equilibrium between phases of similar substances
the phase diagram, of a substance is a map showing conditions of temperature and pressure at which its various phases are thermodynamically most stable
Phase equilibrium is the state of balance between two phases of a molecule. it occurs when the transfer of matter or heat energy in a reverse direction.
Equilibrium is when two opposing processes occur at the same rate
a system at equilibrium is in balance
Phase boundaries
The pressure of a vapor that is in equilibrium with its condensed phase is called the vapor pressure of the substance
all liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate into a gaseous form, and all gasses have a tendency to condense back to their liquid or solid form- dynamically
its an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate it relates to a tendency of particles to escape from the liquid. A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile
Vapor pressure increases with temperature because as the temperature is raised more molecules have sufficient energy to leave their neighbours in the liquid and escape
Closed vessel
When a liquid is heated in a sealed container
the density of the phase vapor increases
There comes a stage at which the two densities are equal and the interface between the two fluids dissapears
the disappearance occurs at the critical temperature
the density of the liquid phase decreases
Why are we studying this
Proteins and biological membranes can exist in ordered structures stabilized by a variety of
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL AND GIBBS ENERGY ARE THE SAME THING
Xa is always a fraction, never bigger than one
the total pressure of a mixture is
Xa = mole fraction of a, no. of moles of a over total no. of moles
no mixture is perfectly ideal and all real mixtures show deviations from Raoult's law
in very very diluted solutions the mixture actually starts to behave like an ideal
Thermodynamics of mixing
how Gibb's energy changes when two components are mixed
n= no.of moles, Delta G wants to be as negative as possible
Why are we studying this
How do we calculate the delta g
chemical potential of the Hame
Reactants are always subtracted from the products