Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Ch. 27 Bacteria & Archaea (Structural and Functional Adaptations (Cell…

- - - - A polymer composed of modified sugar cross-linked by short polypeptides
    - - Scientist can categorized many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition
      - Gram negative
        
        Have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex
      - Gram Positive
        
        relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
    - - Dense sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein
    - - resistant cells
    - - hairlike appendages
  - - - A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus
    - - Scattered over the entire surface of the cell
  - - - A region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane
    - - Small rings of independently replicating DNA molecules
- - - - Transformation
        
        the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
      - Transduction
        
        Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
    - - Conjugation
        
        DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined
      - F plasmid
        
        The F factor in its plasmid form
      - R plasmids
        
        resistant genes are often carried by plasmids
- - - - Must use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it
    - - Are poisoned by O2
    - - which substance other than O2, such as nitrate ions, or sulfate ions
    - - Uses O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation
  - - - Most cells in a filament carry out only photosynthesis, while a few specialized cells
    - - Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies
  - - - Some cyanobacteria and some methanogens convert atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia
- - - - Alpha Proteobacteria
        
        live in nodules within the roots of legumes
      - Beta Proteobacteria
        
        A genus of soil bacteria that play an important role in nitrogen recycling
      - Gamma Proteobacteria
        
        Obtain energy by oxidizing
      - Delta Proteobacteria
        
        slime-secreting myxobacteria
      - Epsilon Proteobacteria
        
        pathogenic to humans or other animals
    - - parasites can survive only within animal cells
    - - helical gram-negative heterotrophs spiral
    - - These gram-negative photoautotrophs are the only prokaryotes with plantlike, photosynthesis
    - - Rival proteobacteria in diversity
  - - - The first prokaryotes assigned to domain Archaea live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there
    - - Live in highly saline environments
    - - Thrive in very hot environments
    - - Archaea that release methane as a by-product of their unique ways of obtaining energy
- - - - Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms
    - - Lipopolysaccharide components of the other membrane of gram-negative bacteria
  - - - potentially be used in many different ways
    - - the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil
- - - - Breaking down dead organisms as well as waste products
  - - - an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact
    - - the larger organism in a symbiotic relationship
    - - The smaller host
    - - Two species in which both benefit
    - - ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed
    - - parasites eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids
    - - Parasites that cause disease