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Masters of adaptation Archaea and Bacteria (Intro to Prokaryotes (live in…
Masters of adaptation Archaea and Bacteria
Structure and Functions
Cell Surface
Celll wall maintains shape
Protects
prevents from bursting
contain peptidoglycan
sugar polymers + polypeptides
Gram stain
Gram positive
simple wall
high amount of peptidoglycan
susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan
Gram negative
less peptidoglycan
outer layer contains lipopolysaccharides
Endospores
inactive form of prokaryote that remains viable in harsh conditions long time
fimbriae
hairlike appemdages
sticks to victims
Pili
sex for bacteria
exchange DNA
motility
taxis
ability to move toward or away from stimuli
Flagella
used for movement
Motor
hook
filament
DNA
infolds of plasma membranes
membranes to perfom metabolic function
contained in nucleoid
chromosome location
plasmid
independently replicated DNA
Reproduction
Binary fission
Reproduction
rapid reproduction
Mutation
rates low
rapid accumulation times short pop large
Genetic Recombination
DNA from two sources
transformation transduction and conjagation
transformation
take up foreign DNA from environment
transduction
genes between bacteria and phages
Conjugation
genetic material transferred between prokaryotic cells
one way transfer
donor attaches recipient by pilus DNA transfer mating bridge
F factor
required to produce pili
Dna donor
recipient becomes a recombinant cell
Hfr
built into chromosome
recipient =recombinant bact. w/ DNA from 2 cells
R plasmids
carry genes antibiotic resistance
encode pili =gene for resistances
Horizontal gene transfer
asexual
Intro to Prokaryotes
live in extreme environment
Too acidic
salty
cold
hot
Two domains
Bacteria
diverse nutritional types
Proteobacteria
gram negative
photoautotroph, chemoautotrophs heterotroph
anaerobic aeorobic
Five subgroups
Alpha
closely associated to eukaryotes
Beta
nutritionally diverse
GAmma
Autotrophic pathogenic heterotrophic
Delta
slimelike drought resistant high speed attacks
Epsilon
pathogenic blood poisoning
chlamydia
parasite cuases blindness
Spirochete
gram negative causes syphilis and lyme disease
Archaea
conatins polysacharides and proteins but no peptidoglycan
Extreme halophile
high saline environments
Extreme thermophiles
hot environments
Methanogen
swamp produce methane
first organism to inhabit Earth
Most are unicellular
0.5-5
Different shapes
cocci
bacilli
spiral
capsule
outer layer of polysaccharides
allow adherence to substrate that shield pathogenic bacteria from immune system
Nutrition and adaptation
energy or carbons
Phototroph
energy from light
chemotroph
energy from chemicals
Autotrophs
require CO2/ carbon source
Heterotrophs
organic compounds
Major modes of nutrition
Photoautotroph
photosynthetic prokaryote
Chemoautotroph
certain prokarytoes (sulfolobus)
Photoheterotroph
aquatic and salt loving pro
Chemoheterotroph
many prokaryotes
Metabolism
obligate aerobes
require O2 for cellular respiration
Obligate anaerobic
poisoned by O2 live by fermentation
Facultative Anaerobes
use O2 if present / carry out fermentation / anaerobic respiration
Nitrogen
essential for amino acid production
Nitrogen fixation
Cooperation
allows environmental resources
heterocyst
exchange metabolic products
photosynthetic cells+ Nitrogen fixing
biofilms
surface coatig colonies
sulfate consuming methane ocean floor
Lineage of Prokaryotes
Inhabit all environments
Date back 3.5 billion yrs
genomics reveal diversity
split into 2 domains
monophyletic
PCR allows rapid sequence genome
Horizontal gene transfer
Important to Biosphere
chemical recycling
b/w living and nonliving
decomposers
are transformers of some organisms
immobilize availability of nutrients
Interactions
symbiosis
host and symbiont
mutualism
both beneifit
commensalism
one beneifit other no problem or benefit
Parasitism
one in harmed
impacts on humans
Mutualistic Bac.
human intestines
help with Vitamins
help w/ digestion
Pathogenic Bact.
cause of human pathogens
Exotoxins
secrete and cause disease
Endotoxins
release only when bact. die and their cell wall breaks
Bioremediation
used to remove pollutants
Engineered
produces ethanol