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Bacteria and Archaea (Structural and functional adaptations of prokaryotes…

- - - - bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
        
        Gram stain: use to categorize bacterial species by differences in cell wall composition; stain with crystal violet and iodine, rinsed with alcohol, stained with safranin that enters cell and binds to DNA
        
        gram-positive bacteria have have relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
        
        gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
      - archael cell walls contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan
    - - They are slime layers if they are not well organized' both enable prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony
  - - - pili: appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another
        
        taxis: a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus; they uses flagella to move
  - - - genome has more DNA; linear chromosomes associated with more proteins
        
        have nucleus; larger plasmids
        
        reproduce by mitosis
    - - some do have specialized membranes in the form of folded plasma membrane, some may have compartments made out of proteins
        
        less DNA in genome; circular chromosomes associated with fewer proteins
        
        lack nucleus; chromosomesare in nucleoid; smaller plasmids
        
        reproduce by binary fission
- - - - the phage DNA is replicated, and the cell makes copies of phage proteins. certain phage proteins halt the synthesis of proteins encoded by the host cell's DNA, since the host cell's DNA may be fragmented
        
        as new phage particles assemble, a fragment of bacterial DNA carrying the A+ allele happens to be packaged in a phage capsid
        
        the phage carrying the A+ allele from the donor cell infects a recipient cell with alleles A- and B-. crossing over at two sites allows donor DNA to be incorporated into recipient DNA
        
        the genotype of the resulting recombinant cell differs from the genotypes of both the donor and the recipient
  - - - using the unbroken strand as a template, the cell synthesizes a new strand. the broken strand peels off and one end enters the F- cell. there synthesis of its complementary strand begins
        
        DNA replication continues in both the donor and the recipient cells as the transferred plasmid strand moves farther into the recipient cell
        
        once DNA transfer and synthesis are completed, the plasmid in the recipient cell circularizes. the recipient cell is now a recombinant F+ cell
- - - - photoautotroph
        
        energy source: light
        
        carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound
        
        types of organisms: photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria), plants, protists
      - chemoautotroph
        
        energy source: inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2+)
        
        carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound
        
        types of organisms: unique to certain prokaryotes
    - - photoheterotroph
        
        energy source: light
        
        carbon source: organic compounds
        
        types of organisms: unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes
      - chemoheterotroph
        
        energy source: organic compounds
        
        carbon source: organic compounds
        
        types of organisms: many prokaryotes and protists, fungi, animals, and some plants
  - - - nuclear envelope: absent, membrane-enclosed organelles: absent, peptidoglycan in cell wall: present
        
        membrane lipids: unbranched hydrocarbons, RNA polymerase: one kind, initiator mino acid for protein synthesis: formylmethionine
        
        introns in genes: very rare, response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol: growth usually inhibited
        
        histones associated with DNA: absent, circular chromosome: present, growth at temperatures >100C: no
    - - nuclear envelope: absent, membrane enclosed organelles: absent, peptidoglycan in cell wall: absent
        
        membrane lipids: some branched hydrocarbons, RNA polymerase: several kinds, initiator amino acids for protein synthesis: methionine
        
        introns in genes: present in some genes, response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol: growth not inhibited, histones associated with DNA: present in some species
        
        circular chromosome: present growth at temperatures > 100C: some species
    - - nuclear envelope: present, membrane enclosed organelles: present, peptidoglycan in cell wall: absent
        
        membrane lipids: unbranched hydrocarbons, RNA polymerase: several kinds, initiator amino acids for protein synthesis: methionine
        
        introns in genes: present in many genes, response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol: growth not inhibited, histones associated with DNA: present
        
        circular chromosome: absent, growth at temperatures > 100C: no