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CHARACTERISATION OF DIFF. SATES OF MATTER (characterisation of liquids,…

- - - - resistance liquid to flow
  - - - disebabkan net inward force experienced by molecules at surfcae
        (toward interior of liq)
  - - - ability to store electric charge
  - - - temp. when vapor of liquid = current atm pressure
  - - - pressure of molecules exert on surface of liq.
    - - temp. liquid increase, V.P increase
        
        higher kinetic e, more evaporate
      - IMF increase, V.P decrease
        
        why? less likely to vaporate
- - - - thermoanalytical technique
      - difference amt heat needed to raise temp. of sample & reference measured as function of temp.
      - reference & sample maintain at same temp.
      - tengok nota utk graph
  - - - crystalline atom ada regular pattern
        
        produce regular diffraction pattern
        
        give info abt crystal struc,
      - amorphous
        -random arrangement
        
        scattered beams :
        
        form constructive interference in some directions
        
        produce diffracted beams
        
        no distinctive pattern
  - - - physical properties same bila measured in any direction
        
        isotropic subs.
        
        refractive index identical along each crystal axes
        
        ada single refraction
    - - mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical properties beza ikut direction measured
        
        anisotropic
        
        detected by refractive index using polarizing lens
        
        diff. refractive index result in double refraction/ birefringence
    - - highly symmetrical internal arrangement
        
        isotropic
        
        refractive index identical along each crystal axes
        
        ada single refraction
  - - - TEM (transmitted through object)
        
        lighter region
      - SEM (electrons reflected by object)
        
        darker region