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Chapter 27 (Concept 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful…

- - - - help digest food our intestines cant break down
      - synthesizing carbohydrates, vitamins, and other nutrients
  - - - lipopolysaccharide components of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
    - - proteins secreted by bacteria and other organisms
  - - - use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water
    - - helps bacteria and archaea defend agains virus attacks
- - - - Gram-positive
        
        bacteria have simple walls composed of thick layer of peptidoglycan
      - Gram-negative
        
        bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex
      - developed by Hans Christian Gram
    - - layer of polysaccharides or proteins surrounding cell walls
    - - polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
    - - resistant cells when lacking water or essential nutrients
    - - hairlike appendages in order to stick to their substrate
  - - - region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed in the membrane
    - - small rings of independently replicating DNA molecules
- - - - substances besides oxygen such as nitrate ions and sulafte ions used for chemical energy
    - - use oxygen if present but can also use anaerobic respiration
    - - poisoned by oxygen
    - - must use oxygen for cellular respiration and growth
  - - - few cells carry out only nitrogen fixation
    - - metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species in surface-coating colonies
- - - - live in highly saline environments
      - Ex. Dead Aea in Israel or Great Salt Lake in Utah
    - - thrive in very hot environments
    - - live in extreme environments
    - - moderate environments
      - Ex. swamps to produce what is known as "marsh gas"
- - - - result of an accident during the replicative cycle
    - - DNA transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined
    - - genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
    - - ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation
    - - resistance genes to code enzymes to destroy or hinder effectiveness of antibiotics
- - - - symbiont
        
        smaller organism is relationship
      - host
        
        larger organism in symbiotic relationship
      - different types of symbiotic relationships
        
        Commensalism
        
        ecological relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected
        
        Parasitism
        
        ecological relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed
        
        Mutualism
        
        ecological interaction between two species where both benefit