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FOUNDATION OF SPEECH PROCESSING ((Phonetics Study of how speech …
FOUNDATION OF
SPEECH PROCESSING
Speech Production
Produced by pushing
air
out of the lungs
Voiced
Sounds produced when
vocal folds are
vibrating
/b/, /d/
Voiceless
Sound produced when
vocal folds are
apart
/p/, /theta/
Articulators
Part of the vocal tracts that can be
used to form sounds
Eg: tongue, lips
Place of Articulation
Labiodental
Lower lip + Upper teeth
Dental
Tongue blade + Upper teeth
Bilabial
Made by 2 lips
Alveolar
Tongue tip + Alveolar ridge
Retroflex
Tongue tip + Back alveolar ridge
Post-Alveolar
Tongue blade + Back alveolar ridge
Palatal
Front tongue + Hard plate
Velar
Back tongue + Soft palate
Manner of Articulation
Nasal
Complete closure of articulators
Airstream cannot escape from mouth
Soft palate is down
Fricative
Close approximation of two articulators
Air stream is partially obstructed
Plosive
Complete closure of articulators
Airstream cannot escape from mouth
Soft palate is raised
Approximant
1 articulator is close to another
Without the vocal tract being narrowed
Affricate
Combination of a few manners or articulation
Lateral
Both sides of the tongue touches
near the centre of alveolar ridge
Glottal Stop
Trill
Tongue make a single tap against alveolar ridge
Eg: pity
Consonants &
Vowels
Consonant
Sound articulated with
complete/partial
closure
of vocal tract
Vowel
Sound produced **without
obstruction** of vocal tract
Transcription
Systematic
representation
of
language in
written
form
Form
Orthographic
Phonemic
Alphabet
Phonetic
Writing System
Abjads
Have independent letters for consonants
May indicate vowels using some of the
consonant letters
Syllabes
Made up of a
consonant plus a vowel
May made up of
single vowel
Phonemic
A set of letter represent constant and vowel
Syllabaries
Phonetic writing system consisting of
symbols representing syllables
Phonetics
Study of how speech
sounds are produced
Physical properties and
how they’re produced
Phonology
Description of the
systems/pattern
of speech sounds
Phoneme
Smallest unit which can distinguish
1 word from another
Allophone
Different speech sounds of a
phoneme
Eg:
p
aper & s
p
ill
Why important?
Different sound may have different meaning