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chapter 6-7 (CHAPTER 6 (surface area and volume (measured in square units,…

- - - - light microscope
        
        can magnify effectively to about 1000 times the specimen size
      - electron microscope
        
        uses light as source to view specimen
        
        100 fold improvement over light microscope
        
        used to study subcellular structures
      - transmission electron microscope
        
        used to study internal structure of cells
      - scanning electron microscope
        
        focuses beams of electrons to view specimens
        
        provides 3D images
  - - - nucleus
        
        nuclear envelope
        
        double membrane enclosing the nucleus
        
        nucleolus
        
        non membranous. produces ribosomes
        
        chromatin
        
        contains DNA
      - plasma membrane
        
        membrane enclosing the cell
        
        extra protection for the cell
      - ribosomes
        
        complexes that make protein
      - Golgi apparatus
        
        active in synthesis modification sorting and secretion of cell products
      - lysosome
        
        digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
      - mitochondria
        
        where cellular respiration occurs
        
        where energy is generated
      - peroxisome
        
        various metabolic functions
        
        produces hydrogen peroxide as by product then converts it to water
      - microvilli
        
        projections that increase the cells surface area
      - cytoskeleton
        
        reinforces cells shape
        
        microfilaments
        
        intermediate filaments
        
        microtubules
        
        functions in cell movement
        
        components are made of protein
      - centrosome
        
        region where cell's microtubules are initiated
        
        contains pair of centrioles
      - flagellum
        
        motility found in some animal cells
        
        composed of microtubules within an extension of plasma membrane
      - endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
        
        network of membraneous sacs and tubes
        
        rough ER regions
        
        smooth ER regions
    - - nucleus
        
        like animal cell also includes nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin
      - endoplasmic reticulum
        
        also found in animal cells
      - Golgi apparatus
        
        found in animal cells swell
      - ribosomes
        
        found in animal cells
      - mitochondria
        
        found in animal cells
      - plasma membrane
        
        found in animal cells
      - peroxisome
        
        found in animal cells
      - cell wall
        
        not found in animal cells
        
        outer layer that maintains cells shape
      - plasmodesmata
        
        cytoplasmic channels through cell walls the connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
      - chloroplast
        
        photosynthetic organelle
        
        converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecule
      - cytoskeleton
        
        also found in animal cells
      - central vacuole
        
        prominent organelle in older plant cells
        
        functions are storage breakdown of waste products;hydrolisis of macromolecules;enlargment of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
  - - - DNA found in nucleus
      - larger
      - surrounded by plasma membrane
      - contains cytosol
    - - DNA concentrated nucleoid
      - smaller
      - surrounded by plasma membrane
      - contains cytosol
- - - - phospholipids are amphupathic molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
    - - are bound to surface of the membrane
    - - penetrate the hydrophobic core
        
        those that span the membrane are called Transmembrane proteins
        
        the hydrophobic regions consist of 1 or more stretches of non polar amino acids often copied into a helices
  - - - provides hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for particular solute
        
        transport proteins
        
        allow passage of hydrophilic substances across membrane
        
        aquaporins
        
        greatly facilitate the passage of water molecules
      - other transport change shape to move a substance from one side to the other
    - - protein built into the membrane may be an enzymee with its active site (where reactant bind) exposed to substances in adjacent solution
    - - membrane protein may bind sight with specific shape that fits the shape of chemical messenger such as a hormone
    - - some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells. short lived
    - - membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together in various junctions. last longer
    - - microfilaments or other elements of the cytoskeleton may be non covalent bound to membrane proteins. helps maintain cell shape and stabilizes the location of certain membrane proteins
  - - - the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases
    - - because no energy is expended by the cell to make it happen
  - - - isotonic
        
        solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
      - hypertonic
        
        solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell (losses water)
      - hypotonic
        
        solute concentration is less than that inside the cell (cell gains water