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Chapter 52 "Intro to Ecology and the Biosphere"
Ecology: the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Organismal - individual, focuses on behavior, sturcture and enviornmantal challenges
Ecosystem - energy flow
Seascape/ Landscape - connected ecosystems, exchange of energy, materials and organisms across multiple ecosystems.
Population - same species, same area
Global - earth's ecosystem, the Biosphere is the global ecosystem.
Community - interspecific communication, group of different spiecies within an area
Climate: varies by latitude and season, changes rapidly
Macroclimate is very large areas on global, regional and landscape areas
Microclimate is a very small localized community like that under a fallen log
Mountains - wind patterns
Bodies of Water - ocean currents
Seasonality - length of day and solar radiation
NO BIOTIC FACTORS
Biomes
Terrestrial
Coniferous Forests AKA Taiga - largest terrestrial biome, long cold winters, short wet summers, home to many bird and mammal species
Desert - succulents, sand, dry
Temperate Broadleaf Forest - Very cold winters, hot summers, considerate precipitation
Savannah - alot of tall grasses, below the equator
Tropical Forests - Constant rain or dry (seasonal), stratified forests, most animal diversity
Chapperal - mild wet winters, dry hot summers, high animal and plant diversity
Tundra - Cover large area of the arctic long winter, short cold/ mild summer
Grasslands - similar to Savannah, prairie, grasses
Marine
Stream / River
Estuaries
Wetlands
Intertidal zones
Lakes
Oceanic Pelagic
Coral reef
Marine Benthic - The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom
Aphotic zone beneath has little light.
Upper photic zone has enough light for photosynthesis.
These make up the top layer.
Abyssal zone is the middle zone
Animals mimic each other to avoid predation.
Mullerian mimicry: two unpalatable species mimic each other.
Batesian mimicry: a harmless species mimics a harmful one.
Community: Populations of various species living close enough together for potential interaction.
Primary succession occurs where no soil exists
Secondary succession occurs when the community has cleared but soil still exists.
Ecological succession- sequence of community changes after a disturbance
Tropical regions support more more species than colder regions
Species richness on islands is effected by island size and distance from the mainland.
Interspecific interactions
Herbivory: herbivores eat plants.
Disease: Bacteria and viruses exhibit similar behavior to parasites.
Predation: one species kills and eats their prey.
Symbiosis: Two or more species live in direct contact with each other.
Competition occurs when species compete for a resource is short supply
Realized niche is the niche actually occupied by that species
Fundamental niche is the niche potentially occupied by a species
Character displacement; indirectly evident of past competition, larger differences in closely related species.
Batesian mimicry: a harmless species mimics a harmful one.
Mullerian mimicry: two unpalatable species mimic each other.
Parasitism: One organism derives nutrients from it's host while harming it in the process.
Mutualism: Both species benefit.
Commensalism: One species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped.
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