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Migration (Why Do People Migrate? (Push And Pull Factors In Voluntary…

- - - - Even though slavery plays a huge role in American History, most of the people forced to leave Africa ended up in Latin and South America
      - It went on throughout the 16th and 17th centuries
      - Many slaves ended up on plantations growing cotton, coffee, sugar, and fruit
      - People were taken from all over Western and Northern Africa, and the effects are still felt today
        
        Now there are few indigenous people left in the Caribbean, as the vast majority are mixed with African descent
    - - In the 90's, thousands of refugees from Haiti were sent back home, or countermigrated
    - - Now after 9/11, the UNHCR has helped Pakistan and Iran to repatriate many Afghan refugees
  - - - Push factors are what makes a migrant want to leave a place
        
        push factors are often seen more accurately than pull factors as people often have high expectations of positive aspects of a place
      - Pull factors are what draws someone to a country
        
        Distance decay is a graphic model that compares distance to interaction intensity
        
        It shows that the closer a place is, the more likely people are to interact and even to move there, as they are more familiar with it
    - - This often happens as people might move from a village to a town and then to a bigger city
      - If the migrant finds a job or a home on their way to the planned destination and they decide to stay there instead, it’s called an intervening opportunity
  - - - This happened as migrants from the Caribbean used to be seen as docile and kind, and great for hiring, but they are now thought of as aggressive and not as good of workers
  - - - The flow of migration through kinship links is called chain migration
        
        When you look at chain migration together, you see spike in immigration called immigration waves
- - - - This type of movement is common among Mexican workers in the USA, many of whom work in the fields of California, Florida, and other states with a lot of activity at its borders with other countries
    - - This occurs in Switzerland when ranchers drive their cattle up into the alps in the Summer, and back down in the Winter
      - This also occurs in the horn of Northeast Africa when people follow their cattle to pastures replenished by rainwater
  - - - An emigrant has left their country
      - An immigrant has arrived in a new country, and they add to that country’s population
    - - This happened with western expansion, the great migration, and more recently to the sun belt and far west for new economic opportunities
        
        This slows down in times of economic recession, like in 2008, leaving internal migration at a near standstill
      - International migrants also migrate around in their new country
  - - - Nomadism is often passed down through a culture, as people walk toutes that have been used for centuries
      - It is not just wandering, it is very planned and purposeful
- - - - In the 1800s, the Europeans started to colonize places all over the world
      - Over the last 500 years, people have been moving more than ever. Some major trends are as follows:
        
        Europe to The Americas started in the 1830s, and was the foundation of the melting pot that we call America today
        
        Britain and Ireland migrated to Africa and Australia
        
        In the 100 years post 1835 millions left Europe for Africa and Asia
        
        Many people from Africa were forcefully brought to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade
        
        People from India often leave for Eastern Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean
  - - - After WW2 many Germans left Germany to head west, some voluntarily, some not
      - After Castro and communism took over Cuba, thousands fled to the US
  - - - North Africa and SouthWest Asia generate more than half of the worldwide refugees, as it has some of the deepest rooted conflicts such as the conflict around Israel and Afghanistan and the Gulf War
      - Africa and its Sub Saharan region have experienced intense poverty and political instability, causing many to move around in search of economic opportunities
        
        This also involves the Sudanese civil war
      - South Asian conflicts such as the massive numbers of Afghan refugees and the Civil War in Sri Lanka make it the third most popular region of dislocation
      - Southeast Asia has had conflict surrounding the Vietnam War and more recently in Myanmar
      - Europe still faces issues from the fall of Yugoslavia
      - The Western Hemisphere really only has high dislocated persons in Columbia, as narcoterrorists have an increasing grip on the country
    - - This includes people like the victims of hurricane Katrina
    - - Once the old country is safe again, they will be returned through repatriation
- - - - "wet foot" means that if the incoming migrants were intercepted at sea, they got deported
      - "dry foot" means that if a Cuban immigrant wre to make it to land, they had the right to stay here
    - - This money is called remittances
        
        1 in 5 Haitian households receives remittances from abroad.
        
        In Mexico, 19-27% of incomes is remittances
    - - This is money is called reverse remittances
        
        This happens when illegal unemployed migrants in the U.S. ask families in Mexico for financial support