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Behaviourist Approach (Key terms (Nurture (What you learn through your…

- - - - Operant conditioning
        
        Definition
        
        Behaviour is learnt through the consequences of our actions
        
        We start learning at early age - provide either positive consequences (rewards) or negative consequences (punishments).
        
        Behaviours rewarded are reinforced therefore more likely to repeat and increase that action whereas if they were punished they would less likely to repeat action
        
        Example
        
        Skinner found that when rats were given a positive reinforcement of receiving a food pellet after pressing the leaver and after repeating the process the rat associated that by pressing the leaver the rat would receive a food pellet. And would increase chance of lever-pressing behaviour
        
        Reinforcement can either be positive (something pleasant is gained) or negative (when a person avoids something negative to happen e.g. tom does his homework to avoid getting a detention)
      - Classical conditioning
        
        Definition
        
        Association is formed between a stimuli and a response
        
        Example
        
        Ivan Pavlov first demonstrated in dogs.
        
        Repeated pairing food (unconditioned stimuli - UCS) with the sound of bell (the neutral stimuli - NS) to which the dog then salivated (unconditioned response - UCR). Gradually after the repetition the dog associates the sound of the bell and food. Therefore after conditioning, whenever the dog hears the bell (conditioned stimuli - CS) and begins to salivate (conditioned response - CR)
        
        Before conditioning - UCS = Food / UCR = Salivate
        During conditioning - UCS = Food / NS = Bell / UCR = Salivate After Conditioning - CS = Food / CR = Salivate
- - - - Same process applies to Little Albert who classically conditioned to have a phobia of white rats
      - Little Albert is scared of anything white and fluffy
      - Before conditioning - loud noises (UCS) + Crying (UCR) / During conditioning - UCS + White rat (NS) + UCR / After conditioning - white rat (CS) + Scared (CR)