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SOC EXAM 2 (Chapter 5 (Role: expected behavior associated with a…

- - - - The Social Construction of Reality:
        Our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning we assign to an experience. -WI Thomas
      - Ethnomethodology:
        Studying norms by violating them to reveal people's standards.
        Social structure of reality exists, it may as well be predetermined because it is so ingrained in our brain.
      - Impression Management and Dramaturgy:
        Erving Goffman: Dramaturgical theory makes use of concepts that parallels those of stage performance: roles, props, scenes. WE are aware that we can create our own reality.
        Impression management: how one manipulates other's behavior and adjusts his/her own to the other's expectations.
      - Social Exchange Theory:
        Transactional
        Our interactions are determined by the rewards/punishments we receive from others.
        Filter construction of reality through rationality.
- - - - It is culturally relative
      - The social rules are created or constructed; not just morally decided upon or enforced.
      - It occurs in a social context and is not just individual behavior.
      - The audience decides what is defined as deviant.
  - - - Deviance is natural part of society and fulfills necessary functions to society.
        According to Durkheim: (boundary work)
        Deviance contributes to the social order through 3 main functions:
        
        Deviance clarifies moral boundaries an norms (punishing deviants affirms a group's norms and clarifies what it means to be a member of that group)
        
        2.Internal group dynamic: Deviance promotes social unity (punishing deviants fosters a feeling of togetherness in a group's members, while affirming the rightness of the group's ways.) Even dysfunctional behaviors such as prostitution and arson reinforce stability.
        
        Deviance promotes social change (when boundary violations gain enough support, they become new, acceptable behaviors; as such, deviance may force a group to rethink and redefine its moral boundaries and change its customary ways). Collective action.
        
        Creates social cohesion**
      - Merton's Strain Theory:
        People conform to the social expectation when the goals and the means of reaching them are in balance. -> conformity
        Origins of deviance: gap between cultural goals and means people have available to achieve those goals.
        PUSHED
        
        Innovation-- one accepts the goals of society but uses illegitimate means to try to reach them.
        
        Ritualism: one gives up on excelling or advancing in one's cultural goals but nevertheless maintaining conventional rules of conduct to an almost obsessive degree. (DMV, Financial aid)
        
        Retreatism: one rejects cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them.
        
        Rebellion: one rejects and seeks to replace cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving the. ie cults, alternative communities, anti-consumerist
      - Cloward and Ohlin: PULLED
        Different social classes embark on different forms of deviance depending on their different opportunity structures.
        Forms of deviance are an outcome of individual decisions and the available opportunities to act illegitimately.
        As educational failure occurs, poor people chose the hustler as their role model. To achieve the cultural goal of success-> robbery, burglary, drug dealing, prostitution.
        More privileged social classes also commit crimes-> income tax evasion, bribery, fraud, embezzlement.
    - - Power plays a central role in defining and punishing deviance as the group in power used the law and criminal justice system to maintain its power and privilege over other groups.
      - Law may work as an instrument of oppression, a tool designed to keep the powerful in privileged positions.
      - Elite deviance: refers to the wrong doing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations.
        White collar crime- wealthy elite will always exploit the poor and working class.
        
        The law generally directs most of its energies against violations committed by the working class.
    - - The focus is on membership in groups and how groups affect behaviors
      - Differential Association Theory:
        Sutherland
        People learn to either deviate from or conform to society's norms through the different groups with whom they associate.
        Deviance is LEARNED
        
        Although groups influence behavior, symbolic interactionist also stress that they do not determine behavior. People are not destined to think and act as their groups dictate.
      - Control Theory:
        People generally avoid deviance because of an effective system of inner and outer controls.
        Two Control Systems:
        People's inner controls include their internalized morality- their conscience, religious principles, integrity, and desires to be a good person.
        People's outer controls consist of other significant people in their lives, such as their family, friends, and police, who influence hem not to deviate.
        The stronger an individual's bonds are with social structures, such as the family or school, the more effective their inner controls are.
        These bonds are based on attachment, commitment, involvements, and beliefs.
        Product of socialization, parent are primarily responsible for the socialization of self control.
      - Labeling Theory:
        People are assigned labels (names and reputations) that become part of their self-concept, which, in turn, channels them toward conforming or deviant behaviors.
        
        Most people resist the labels. Other people try to pin on them. (Primary)
        Label can become a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy (Secondary)
        
        Sykes and Matza identify 5 techniques of neutralization that people use to resist negative labels and rationalize their deviant behavior:
        Denial of responsibility
        Denial of Injury
        Denial of victim
        Condemnation of the condemners
        Appeal to higher loyalty ("I had to stick up for my family")
        
        Some group revel in deviancy-> youth cultures, rebelliousness through music, clothes, and or hairstyles, outlaw bikers
- - - - Charles Horton Cooley (1869-1929)
        Looking-Glass Self: a person's self-concept arises through considering his/her relationships to others.
      - George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
        The social self:
        the self emerges from social interactions such as:
        Observing and interacting with others
        Responding to others' opinions about oneself
        And internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.
        THE SELF IS NOT THERE FROM BIRTH, BUT IT IS DEVELOPED OVER TIME FROM SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND ACTIVITIES.
        SOCIAL ROLES ARE THE BASIS OF ALL SOCIAL INTERACTION
        
        Role-taking: is a source of self awareness socialization process that allow a person to anticipate what others expect of us.
        
        Mead's Identity Development
        
        Imitation stage: child copies the behavior of those around them w/o much understanding of the social meaning of the behavior.
        (1 month-3 years)
        Children lack self awareness
        
        Stage 2: Play
        Children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment.
        (3-5 years)
        Can play "house"
        
        Stage 3: Game
        The child takes on multiple roles at the same time.
        These roles are organized in a complex system and the child develops a comprehensive view of the self.
        Children acquire a concept of the generalized other: the abstract composite of social roles and social expectation.
        
        As children grow older they internalize attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.
        In the generalized other, they have an example of community values and general social expectations.
        
        The Development of the "Self"
        
        The "I" is the un-socialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality.
        As the individual develops and socialized, the emphasis moves away from being exclusively "I" focused.
        
        The "Me" is the part of our self that is aware of expectations and attitudes of society.