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Skeletal System chapter six (movement classification (flextion (bending a…
Skeletal System chapter six
movement classification
flextion
bending a joint decreasing angle between involved bones-
dorsiflextion
bending foot up toward body
plantar flextion
pointing toes down
abduction
moving away from bodys midline
extension
straightening a joint
adduction
moving toward bodys midline
supination
turning hand palm up
pionation
turning hand palm down
eversion
turning foot outward away from opposing foot
circumduction
circular arm movement of a pitcher
inversion
turning foot inward toward other foot
Types of Arthritis
osteoarthritis
when a joint "wears out"
gout
metabolic disorder where uric acid crystals deposit in connective tissues and synovial fluid
Septic arthritis
infection in a joint
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease affecting joints
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa
Rotator cuff
it is a group of muscles that hold heads of humerus in shoulder socket
Activities that stress the shoulder can cause tendons attaching rotator cuff to tear
Activities that can cause rotator to tear
tennis
baseball
basketball
the sound
it sounds like a snapping sound when it tears
and it is an acute pain
The skeleton
Two main sections
axial skeleton
bones
hyoid bone
bones of middle ear
spinal column
bony thorax
skull
protects body organs
has a total of 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
bones
legs
hips
arms
shoulder
total of 126 bones
half of bones in body us found in hands and feet
Classified according to their shape
Short bones
fairly equal in width and length and found mostly in wrists and ankle
flat bones
thinner and can be either flat or curved can be plate-like in nature and wound include skull, ribs, and sternum (breast bones)
Long bone
longer than they are wide and can be found in arms and legs
irregular bones
like parts of jigsaw puzzel, add in shape, and include hip bone and verterbrae
Framework
Produces blood cells
provides protection for organs
Framework for the human body
helps us to breahte
allows for movements
acts as a warehouse for mineral storage
Overall constructions
Peritoneum
tough and fibrous connective tissue covering bone
contains blood vessels which transport blood and nutrients to nurture bone cells
contains lymph vessels and nerves
acts and anchors points for ligaments and tendons
Epiphysis and diaphysis
Diaphysis
region running between two hallow area called
medullary cavity
this acts as storage area for bone marrow
Bone marrow
yellow marrow
has high fat content
can convert to red marrow in an emergency
red marrow
produces red blood cells
Epiphysis
formed by increase in size of both ends of long bone
Bone Tissues
compact bones
dense, hard tissues that composes shafts of long bones and forms outer layer of other tissue makes for dense and strong structure
material
forms microscopic
cylindrical shaped unit
called osteons
haverisian systems
each units has mature bone cells (osteocytes)
forming concentric circles (like a bulls-eye) around blood vessels
area around osteocyte is filled with
calcium
other material
protein fibers
osteons (unit or haversion systems)
run parallel to each other with blood vessels literally connecting with them to ensure sufficient oxygen and nutrients for bone cellls
Bone and growth
ossification (or osteogenesis)
describes formation of bone in body
spong bone
instead of having haversion systems it has an arrangement of bars and plates called trabeculae
irregular holes between trabeculae makes bone lighter in weight and provide space for red bone marrow
red bone marrow produces red blood cells
surface structure of bones
bones are not prefect smooth
variety of projections
bumps and depressions
protections act as points of attachment for
muscles
ligaments
tendons
groovies and depression act as pathways for nerves and blood vessels
projecting structures and depression can work together as joining or articulation points to form joints such as ball and socket joints in hip
projecting stuctures and processes
facet
a small, flattened area
head
an articulating end of bone that is rounded and enlarged
epicondyle
an enlargement near or superior to a condyle
process
a prominent projection
crest
narrow ridge
spine
a sharp projection
condyle
a large, rounded knob, usually articulating with another bone
trochanter
located only on the femur, a large version of a tubercle
tubercle
a knoblike projection
depressions and openings
fossa
either a groove or shallow depression
meatus
a tube or tunnel like passageway through bone
foramen
a passageway through a bone for blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments, holes
sinus
a hollow area
four types of cells involved in bones formation and growth
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoclasts