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Metabolism (Enzymes (there are many ways an enzyme can lower activation…

- - - - this is why were are able to carry out our daily chemical processes at a normal body temperature
  - - - this is due to the shape of the enzymes and substrates
  - - - optimal temperature is 35-40 degrees C
      - optimal pH is 6-8
  - - - enzymes regulated this way are made of 2 or more subunits, each of which are made from a polypeptide chain with its own active site
      - the binding of an activator stabilizes the shape that has active sites
      - the inhibitor stabilizes an inactive for of the enzyme
      - ATP is an inhibitor and ADP is a an activator
      - the substrate changes the shape of all the subunits
        
        this is called cooperativity
        
        amplifies response of enzymes to substrates
    - - used to synthesize isoleucine (an amino acid)
      - prevents cells from making more than they need and wasting precious resources
- - - - thermal energy- kinetic energy associated with the movement of molecules
        
        heat- the transfer of thermal energy
    - - chemical energy- potential energy that can be released in a chemical reaction
  - - - spontaneous processes- processes that don't need an input of energy or are energetically favorable
- - - - exergonic reaction
- - - - a system has less free energy and thus is more stable when this type of reaction occurs
        
        equilibrium- maximum stability
        
        a spontaneous reaction can only occur when it's moving toward equilibrium
- - - - think about a thermos
    - - organisms are open systems
  - - - this is known as entropy
    - - nonspontaneous reactions require an input of energy