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Joints (Synovial Joints: Adjoining bones covered with articular cartilage,…
Joints
Synovial Joints: Adjoining bones covered with articular cartilage, separated by a joint cavity and enclosed within an articular capsule line with synovial membrane
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Synovial Cavity: Small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
Articular Capsule: two layers thick
- External Fibrous Layer: Dense Irregular CT
- Inner Synovial Membrane: Loose CT that makes synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
- lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
- contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Capsular: Thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Nerves and Blood Vessel: never detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch. Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
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Articular Discs (menisci): Fibrocartilage separates articular surface to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
Factors that affect stability:
1) Muscle Tone: keeps tendons taut
2) Ligament Number and Location: more ligaments the stronger it is
3) Shape of Articular Surface: shallow surfaces less stable
Joint Shape Determines Movement
- Plane Joint: nonaxial movement
- Hindge Joint: Uniaxial Movement
- Pivot Joint: Uniaxial Movement
- Condylar Joint: Biaxial Movement
- Saddle Joint: Biaxial Movement
- Ball n' Socket: Multiaxial Movement
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