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IDEOLOGY (Nationalism (What is it? (Claims that; (National loyalty and…

- - - - e.g education & media
      - ruling-class ideology
        
        Ideas legitimate status quo
        
        includes
        
        equality goes agaisnt human nature
        
        victim blaming
        
        Bowles and Gintis (1976)
        
        'the poor are dumb' theory of meritocracy
        
        i.e the poor are poor cause they're dumb
        
        Racist ideas
        
        Inferiority of ethnic minorities
        
        Make them easier to rule
        
        stops creation of class consciousness
        
        Marx = WC will develop a class consciousness despite ideological barriers and overthrow MC
  - - - ruling-class ideology = hegemony
      - Capitalist society = dual consciousness
        
        mix of hegemony and experience of exploitation
        
        ∴ can overthrow capitalism
        
        needs political party of 'organic intellectuals'
        
        workers who developed class consciousness through anti-capitalist struggles
- - - - Nations = real, distinctive communities with their own characteristics and long, shared history
      - every nation should be self-governing
      - National loyalty and identity should come before all others
        
        such as tribe, class or religion
    - - nation = imagined community
        
        we never know most members
        
        can bind millions together and create a sense of common purpose
  - - - workers believe they have more in common with capitalists of country than workers of other countries
        
        MC able to persuade WC to fight wars on their behalf
  - - - Agrees w/ Marx
        
        h/e says nationalism = modern
        
        pre-industrial societies held together by face to face relationships in communities not nationalism
        
        Modern society - very different
        
        industrialisation =
        
        large scale
        
        impersonal
        
        complex division of labour
        
        people all equal
        
        Modern states ∴ need communication
        
        Nationalism provides this to everyone
        
        e,g mass education system imposing set standards
      - Elites use nationalism as motivation for people suffering effects of industrialisation
        
        ∴ enabling state to modernise
- - - - distinctions of belief systems;
        
        ideological thought
        
        justifies keeping things as they are
        
        reflects positions and interest of privileged groups
        
        they benefit from maintaining status quo
        
        beliefs tend to be conservative and favours hierarchy
        
        Utopian thought
        
        justifies social change
        
        reflects positions and interests of underprivileged groups
        
        Offers vision of how society can be organised differently
    - - e.g Gramsci's 'organic intellectuals'
      - h/e only represents groups not society as whole
        
        source of conflict between different groups
    - - solution = detach intellectuals from social groups
        
        create intellectuals who stand above conflicts
        
        create a total world view
        
        h/e many ideologies conflict with each other making this not possible
        
        e.g Marx's ideas of classless society and ideology based on classes
- - - - e.g science and women oppression in 19th C
      - ideologies in science and religion can also do this
        
        given rise to purification rituals like chruching
        
        h/e not all elements of religion subordinate religion
        
        e.g matriarchal religions were widespread before the emergence of monotheistic religions like Christianity