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GENETICS (REPLICATION OF DNA (It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell,…

- - - - The effects of a mutation on plant growth. A mutation is just a change in the DNA of a plant or animal. The change can be good or bad. ... Without this protein, the mutant plant grows slower and turns yellow because it has trouble getting iron from the soil.
    - - genetic alteration acquired by a cell that can be passed to the progeny of the mutated cell in the course of cell division. Somatic mutations differ from germ line mutations, which are inherited genetic alterations that occur in the germ cells (i.e., sperm and eggs).
    - - mutagen is something that causes mutation, it may be certain chemicals, ultraviolet light, X-rays,and radiation from radioactive substances.w
    - - DNA damage and repair in plants – from models to crops. The genomic integrity of every organism is constantly challenged by endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging factors. ... It is crucial for all organisms, including plants, to develop efficient mechanisms for maintenance of the genome integrity.
- - - - a kind of dominance wherein the dominant gene completely masks the effect of recessive gene in heterozygous condition, dominant genes are referred by capital letter whereas recessive genes are referred by small letter,
    - - To identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for a specific allele, a scientist can perform a test cross. The organism in question is crossed with an organism that is homozygous for the recessive trait, and the offspring of the test cross are examined .
    - - A dihybrid cross tracks two traits. Both parents are heterozygous, and one allele for each trait exhibits complete dominance *. This means that both parents have recessive alleles, but exhibit the dominant phenotype. The phenotype ratio predicted for dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1 .
    - - Three or more alternative forms of a gene (alleles) that can occupy the same locus. However, only two of the alleles can be present in a single organism.
    - - A cross of two F1 hybrids, heterozygous for a single trait that displays incomplete dominance is predicted to give a 1:2:1 ratio among both the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. 1/4 will have the dominant phenotype (tall, TT), 1/2 will have the intermediate phenotype (Tt) resembling the parents of this cross
- - - - Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes .
    - - When two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and are said to be linked.
    - - Genes on separate chromosomes assort independently because of the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes are paired chromosomes that carry the same genes, but may have different alleles of those genes.