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Bacteria and Archaea (Link with other chapters - Bacteria are everywhere,…
Bacteria and Archaea
Link with other chapters - Bacteria are everywhere
Biotechnology
Bacteria has a lot of uses in biotechnology: drugs fabrication, depollution, clonage, foodstuff,
Genome and their evolution
Use for clonage and for sequencing technics = use of plasmids
Plants responses + animal development
bacteria can be pathogens for plants and induce defense reactions in plants + could leads to evolution of plants to be resistant to these bacteria
Evolution of population
Bacteria were widespread on Earth, action of cyanobacteria.
Eumycetes
Symbiosis with eumycetes = allow them to live but can also be pathogen and kill them + eumycetes also use to produce antibiotic like penicillin.
Structural and functional adaptation
Cellular surface
Peptidoglycan cell membrane of bacteria
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A8k_HdFyItHMUyrIWH1bQbWRSU2MLufvUGaz5i804tQ/edit
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A8k_HdFyItHMUyrIWH1bQbWRSU2MLufvUGaz5i804tQ/edit
Fimbriae
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ajc1/5738994469
Capsule
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A8k_HdFyItHMUyrIWH1bQbWRSU2MLufvUGaz5i804tQ/edit
Motility
Flagela
Taxie
Fimbriae (fixation)
Capsule (fixation)
Internal structure and DNA
Less DNA than eucaryotes
An unique chromosome in the nucleoid
PlasmidS = little DNA rings
Reproduction and adaptation
Endospores
Short generation time
Scissiparity or binary fission
Integration in ecosystems
Symbiotic relationship
Commensalism : just one of the tow organisms benefit from the relationship but it doesn't disturb the other one
Parasitism : one organism benefit at hte expense of the other
Mutualism : beneficial exchange for two organism
Chemical elements recycling
Degradation of dead organisms and trashes
Fixation of element like nitrogen
Production of O2 by cyanobacterias
Metabolic cooperation (ex: biofilms)
Consequences in humans
Mutual bacteria (commensalism)
Pathogenic bacteria
Endotoxic
Exotoxin
For research
Biotechnologies
Bioremediation
Classification of procaryotes
Bacteria
Proteobacterias (Gram negative)
gamma
delta
beta
epsilon
alpha
Chlamydiae (Gram negative)
parasite = can't survive at the external of animal cell
causes a lot of disease
no peptidoglycane on its cell membrane
Sprirochytes (Gram negative)
Heterotrophs and helicoidale = movement of spirals thanks to internal filaments like flagella
some autonomous but certain can be pathogens
Cyanobacterias (Gram negative)
Photoautotrophs = the only one that can do photosynthesis
composed of filaments and really presents in phytoplancton on the water surface
certain cells in filaments can convert N2 in inorganic process
Gram positive bacterias
causes most of the human bacterial disease = pathogens
certains are used to produce antibiotics
Archeae
extrem halophils
live in very hot medium
extrem thermophils
live in medium with a lot of salt
Nutritional modes
Inorganic sources of energy
Autotrophs
Chemicals as an energy source
Chemoautotrophs
Chemotrophs
Light as a an energy source
Photoautotrophs
Phototrophs
Organic source of energy
Heterotrophs
Light as an energy source
Photoheterotrophs
Chemicals as an energy source
Chemoheterotrophs
Conjugation and plasmid.
F factor for the fertility
The ability of a pili to donate DNA.
Conjugaison
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A8k_HdFyItHMUyrIWH1bQbWRSU2MLufvUGaz5i804tQ/edit
Recombinaison
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1A8k_HdFyItHMUyrIWH1bQbWRSU2MLufvUGaz5i804tQ/edit
Transfer of a F factor from the bacterian CHROMOSOME, Hfr cell
Transfer of a F factor from a plasmid CELLS containing the f plasmid.
