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Germany (Weimer Republic (Political Events after War (Kaiser Wilhelm was…

- - - - Strikes
      - Political/Economic Tension
  - - - No real power
    - - Sought peace without territorial gain
    - - November Criminals
  - - - Jan 1919 - Sparticts (Commies) vs Freikcorps (Govn/Ex Soliders)
      - Communists leaders arrested/assinated
      - Created Permanent Division of Left (KPD vs SPD)
      - Never cooperate/go into govn. together
      - Early 30s - United Left could stop Nazi's
      - Survival of Conservative Elites
    - - Adopted 1919
      - Power seemed to be with Reichstag
      - Old ruling Elite, Army, Judiciary, Bureaucracy remained hostile
    - - Provided the President to rule by emergency decree and dismiss Reichstag (A 48)
    - - No Govn. majority could be formed - Coalitions and Compromises
      - 21 Coalitions from 1919-33
    - - Lost overseas colonies
      - Military power restricted
      - Reparation payments
      - War Guilt Clause (Article 231)
      - New Gov had to accept
        
        132 millions marks reparations
        
        Demilitarisation of Rhineland
        
        Occupation of Coal producing Saar Region
        
        Forbidden Union of German-Austria
        
        Total disarmament of Military/Ban tanks Artillery
        
        Signed 28 June 1919
  - - - Ring Wing Putsch
        
        Army revolted to military restrictions
        
        Freikcorp launched Putsch - marched on Berlin
        
        Right wing govn - lasted 4 days
        
        March 1920 - Kapp Putsch
      - Political Assassinations
        
        Mattias Erzberger - signed ToV
        
        Walter Rathenau - Foreign Minister
        
        (1919-22) 376 by Right wing
      - Reparations
        
        132 milliuon marks
    - - Cultural Life
        
        Became centre for European Artists
        
        Film Industry boomed
        
        Berlin new Paris
      - Women
        
        Became more liberated
        
        'New Women' - Educated, single and financially independent
        
        Most still followed traditional roles
    - - Occupation of the Ruhr
        
        French Belgian troops occupied
        
        Passive resistance/strikes from German workers
      - Hyper-Inflation
        
        Loss of Ruhr created more debt
        
        More bank notes printed
        
        Unemployment soured
      - Gustav Stresemann
        
        1923 - Stabilises economy by stabilising currency
        
        Replaced Mark with RentenMark
        
        Resumed Reparations
        
        AS Foreign Minister - signed off significant Treaties
        
        1924 - Dawes Plan - Reduced Payment/Longer time
        
        1925 - Treaty of Locarno
        
        1929 - Young Plan - Further reduction in reparations
- - - - No effective opposition - Mein Kampf became similar to state religion
      - People Personal lives controlled by State
      - Hitler unchallenged as Dictator
      - Hitler Youth controlled youth
      - Gleichschaltung - All elements of life under state control
      - Gestapo had an extensive network of informants
    - - Not a single state entity, but a maze of bureaucracy
      - Terror was selective - Gestapo relied Denunciations
      - Erratic Leader who
      - Germany was self policing
  - - - SS and SA Chief organs of Repression
      - Gestapo carried out most terror/repression against German citizens
      - SA as auxiliary police
      - Eliminate political opposition
      - SA/Gestapo raid unions
      - People's Court
      - Communist and Socialists Imprisoned
      - Contration Camps
        
        1933 - 1936 - Primarily political prisoners
        
        1936 On - Anyone who didn't fit idea, racial enemies
    - - Minister for Propaganda - Joesph Goebbels
      - Succes
        
        When Overlapping with exsisting ideas - Anti-Marxism and Racism
        
        Hitler Myth
        
        Image of order and control
      - Less Successful
        
        Creating Volksgermeinshcaft
        
        Breaking down class/social divisions
        
        Replacing core beliefs with Nazi beliefs
        
        Creating enthusiasm for war
      - Limited Success
        
        Increased Anti-Jewish feeling - Not passionate hatred
        
        Reached limits up against core beliefs
  - - - Youth Groups
      - Nazi Ideology in School Curriculum
      - Tried but failed to create a system of Nazi schools
      - Ideology indoctrination
    - - Most female workers were dismissed from their jobs
      - When married, got 1000 marks
      - Encouraged to have babies if Aryan - otherwise don't
    - - 1933 - Concordat with Catholic Church - Wouldn't interfere with each other
        
        Hitler broke agreement - arrested priests
      - Nazi's failed to create centralised Reich church
      - 1934 - 80% kids Catholic schools -1937 - 5 %
  - - - 1935 - Nuremberg Laws - Jews could no longer be citizens, no longer marry/sex none jews
      - forced to resign from certain professions
      - 1938 - Kristallnacht - Attacks on Jews properties and stores
      - Jews banned from public places
      - Jewish properties taken and given to Germans, many killed/arrested
      - Jews indirectly blamed for 'Stabbed in the back myth'
      - Thrown out of schools
- - - - Hitler tried to take power - 9 month in prison
  - - - June 1928 - Muller (SPD) Grand Coalition with Right
      - Coalition splits - Right refuse to back Muller
      - Muller wants Hindenburg to activate Article 48
      - March 1930 - Muller Resigns
      - A.J.P Taylor - "The end of Democracy in Germany"
      - Heinrich Bruning Replace Muller
      - Bruning's Plans fail, Hindenburg resolves Reichstag
      - 1930 elections - From 2.6% to 18.3%
      - May 29 1932 - Hindenburg forces Bruning to resign, Franz Von Papen becomes Chancellor
      - 1932 elections - Nazi's 37.3% majority party
      - Nov 1932 - Hindenburg replaced Von Papen with Schleicher
      - Nov 1932 election - Nazi's down to 33.1
      - 30th Jan 1933 - Hindenburg invites Hitler (Nazi's) to form government - Puppet Hitler
  - - - Make a Racial state
      - Expand abroad -
    - - Passed Enabling Act
        
        Power to enact laws without Reichstag
    - - Gleichschaltung - Take control of all aspects of German Life
    - - Military ordered to make oath to Hitler
- - - - Lebensraum - creating of living space in Eastern Europe/Soviet Union
      - Reclaim all lost territory/Unite German speaking people
      - More natural resources for rearmements
      - Anschluss - Unite Germany and Austrria
      - Re-militarise Rhineland
    - - German Racial Purity
      - Restore honour of Germany
      - Territorial Expansion
      - Destroy legacy of Weimar
      - Overturn ToV
      - Minor Aim - Build alliance with English and Mussolini's Italy
  - - - Racial Policies
      - Lebensraum
      - Territorial Expansion
      - Alliance with Italy/England