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ch. 16 Genetics (Monohybrid crosses (Crossing heterozygotes (selfing (a…
ch. 16 Genetics
Monohybrid crosses
cross
sexual reproduction between 2 individuals
only a single character is analyzed and studies
eg flower shape, or color
Parents
parental generation
offspring
F1 generation
homozygous
two identical alleles
2 dominant
2 recessive
Heterozygous
two different alleles
1 dominant
1 recessive
Crossing heterozygotes
selfing
a plant uses its own pollen to create its own eggs
or
crossing 2 plants with the same genotype
Punnett Square
can be set up to display ossicle phenotypes
Dominant gene
shows
takes control
recessive gene
hides
overshadowed by dominant
Mutations
Mutation=
any change in DNA
point mutation
Changes a single base
Deletion
a base is removed
insertion
a base is added
inversion
a base becomes backwards
causes
called mutagens
ultraviolet light
X_rays
radiation
transposable elements
readily change positions between chromosomes
insertion sequences
code for enzymes
involved in cutting sequence
code for proteins
not associated with transposition
effects
possibly none
codon change can = same codeing
can can eliminate genes
can element start codons
larger tyoically= more dangerous
Somatic mutations
not involved in sex cells
does not ass mutation
DNA repair processes
remove mutations
Dihybris crosses
2 genes are studies simultaneously
genes on same chromosome
independent assortment
alleles move independently considering gene
switching over
greater between long distance cells
aka crossing over
recombinant chromosomes
new chromosomes formed
parental chromosomes
parent cells
linkage
2 genes on a chromosome
no independent assort.
called being linked
Replication of DNA
DNA is replicated
S Phase
Doubles the amount of DNA
Each gene has 2 copies
One will go to daughter cell
Chromatic becomes less compact
Opening
Allows replicating factors in
DNA helix is cut
Strands separate
From a bubble
Called a replicon
Free nucleotides bond to bases
Ribonucleotides
Form primes RNA
about 10 nucleotides long
Act as substrate for DNA syhthesization
= DNA polymerase
Deoxyribonucleotides added
semiconservative replication
replication fork
where double helix separates, and re-attatches
Ligated DNA
all attached via covalent bonds
multiple genes for 1 character
aka quantitive trait loci
epistasis
multiple genes for each trait
pleiotropic effects
The science of inheritance
Different genes=alleles
Genotype
The set of alleles for a particular individual
Phenotype
Physical representation of a gene
maternal inheritance
genes of both parents passed to offspring
lethal alleles
can kill a plant