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Genetics (Mutations (Effects (effects depend on nature, position, and…
Genetics
Mutations
Causes
Mutagen causes mutations
mutagentic chemicals are often man-made
Deletions can occur and so can insertions
Effects
effects depend on nature, position, and extent
some protein cannot fold because they are so long
mutations are almost always harmful
natural selection
Somatic Mutations
occurs in cells that never lead to sex cells
they cannot be passed off onto the offspring
not common in plants
DNA Repair Processes
can be neither too efficient or not efficient enough
enzymes minimize the number of errors
any change large or small in the DNA
Monohybrid Crosses
Incomplete Dominance
when neither parental trait dominates the other
Complete Dominance
this results in recessive or dominant genes
Test Crosses
we can use this to help us determine the genotype
Multiple Alleles
genes are polymorphic having multiple alleles
Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves
This results in homozygous dominant, two heterozygous and one homozygous recessive
Dihybrid Crosses
Genes on Separate
Genes on the Same Chromosome
linkage
inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction
Genes on Separate Chromosomes
Independent Assortment
giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.
Crossing-Over
chromosomes are so long that it occurs several times in plants
Replication of DNA
Happens during the S-phase
Each chromosome contains only one double helix
Multiple Genes for One Character
Epistasis
interaction of genes that are not alleles
quantitative trait loci
Other Aspects of Inheritance
Maternal Inheritance
the alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
Lethal Alleles
its presence can kill the plant
difficult to detect
