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Nervous system (Senses (Anatomy of eye (Sclera (white of our eye, dense c…

- - - - Sensitive to stimuli arisings outside the body
        
        Skin, special senses
    - - stimulus origin is internal organs.
    - - Stimulus origin is muscle
        
        monitor the degree of stretch of these locomotory organs and send input on body movement to CNS.
        
        Tendons, ligaments and joints.
  - - - respond to temperature change
    - - in the eye respond to light
    - - responds to chemicals in solution ( such as molecules, air, saliva) and to change in blood chemistry
    - - respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain, danger.
    - - responds to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, stretch and vibrations.
    - - monitors blood pressure
  - - - white of our eye, dense c.t, protective, anchor for muscles
        
        extrinsic eye muscles gives shape
    - - nourished the other layer and deeply pigmented absorbs light prevents scattering.
        
        choroid continous with ciliary body muscles that changes the shape of the lens.
    - - clear allows light into the eye involved with focusing light in retina
    - - photoreceptors
        
        axons cover to form optic nerve.
    - - Cornea
        
        pupil
        
        lens (focus)
        
        posterior segment of vitreous humor
        
        retina
        
        ganglion cell axons carry impulses via the optic nerve, optic chiasma, and optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
    - - sensitive to light
    - - fewer, allow to see colors best in bright light
    - - posterior to iris focuses light on retina
    - - blind spot
    - - precise posterior pole
    - - at center of maculalutea is fovea centralis
    - - filled with vitrous humor
        
        supports retina and lens
  - - - pseudostrat. col. epithelium
        
        olfactory sensory neurons
    - - olfactory sensory neuron within the olfactory bulb
        
        olfactory tract
        
        limbic system
        
        primary olfactory cortex
  - - - the sense of taste is served by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X which send impulses to the medulla
        
        impulses travel to the thalamus and the taste area of the cerebral cortex
  - - - auricle
        
        gather sound waves and ampify
    - - cochlea ( liquid filled)
    - - tympanic membrane (ear drums)
        
        auditory ossicles
    - - cochlar branch of CN VIII
        
        medulla oblongta
        
        pons
        
        midbrain
        
        thalamus
        
        primary auditory cortex
        
        1 more item...
- - - - receive, process incoming signals and responds
  - - - spinal nerves attached to spine around trunk of body
        
        be sensitive to stimuli and send information to CNS
        
        ganglia group of neuron cell bodies.
  - - - input from the skin, skeletal muscle, joints bones
      - touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception of the skin, body walls and limbs.
  - - - input form the ventral body cavity contents
      - stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, irritation in viscera, nausea and hunger
      - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
- - - - all single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
    - - large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum
    - - numerous processes
        
        branches from cell body
    - - little hill
    - - cone shaped region
        
        away from cell body
    - - end of terminal
  - - - more than one processes, numerous dendrites and a single axon
        
        99%of neurons in the body belong to multipolar
    - - short, single process that emerges from the cell body and divides like a inverted T in to two long branches
        
        found in sensory ganglia in the PNS
    - - have two processes that extends from opposite sides of the cell body
        
        very rare neurons occurs in some of the special sensory organs.
  - - - unipoloar, bipolar
        
        located in ganglia of PNS
    - - always mulitipolar
        
        carry away from CNS to effector organs
        
        muscle and glands
    - - lie between motor and sensory neurons
        
        mulitipolar neurons are confined entirely to the CNS
        
        link together into chains that form complex neuronal pathways
        
        make up 99.98% of neurons.
- - - - Astrocytes most numerous, supports neurons, help maintain appropriate chemical environment
        
        in capillaries the smallest blood vessle
      - Microglia
        
        phagocytes removes microbes and damaged nerve tissue
      - Ependymal cells
        
        simple cubodial columnar epithelium
        
        lining spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid brain spinal cord- ventricles
        
        with cillia that keeps CSF moving.
      - oligodendrocytes
        
        wrap their plasma membrane around one portion of several axons.
    - - Satellite cells
        
        structurally supportive regulates exchanges of materials in and out of neuron cell body,
      - Myelination
        
        mostly lipids and some proteins, insulates axons and allows signals to travel faster.
      - Schwann cells
        
        wrap plasma membrane around on portion of one axon