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Chapter 6 and 7 (concept 6.4: (Golgi apparatus (consists of two sides (cis…

- - - - synthesizes lipids
      - metabolism of carbohydrates
      - detoxification of drugs and poisons
      - stores calcium ions
    - - important in synthesis of lipids
      - help detoxify drug and poisons
    - - barbiturates, alcohol and other drugs induce proliferation of smooth ER
      - increase tolerance to the drug
      - smooth ER membrane pumps calcium ions from cytosol in ER lumen
  - - - pancreatic cells synthesize insulin ER and secrete hormone into the bloodstream
    - - grows in place by added membrane proteins and phospholipids to membrane
  - - - cis face and trans face
  - - - phagocytosis: how unicellular eukaryotes eat (Amoebas)
    - - lipid digesting enzyme missing or inactive
  - - - Food Vacuoles: phagocytosis
      - Contractile Vacuoles: pumps excess water out of cell
      - Central Vacuole: develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles
- - - - membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together preventing leakage
    - - provide cytoplasmic channels
    - - fasten cells together
- - - - transport protein
  - - - chemical force
      - electrical force
  - - - exocytosis: move molecule out
      - endocytosis: move molecules in
        
        involving diffrent proteins
        
        reverse of exocytosis
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle
        
        Amoeba engulfing a green algae cell
- - - - important in medical filed
      - key info to developing treatment for HIV
- - - - isotonic: same
        
        volume of an animal cells will be stable
      - hypetonic: more
        
        cell will lose water, shrivel and die
      - hypotonic: less
        
        water enters faster than It leaves
        
        cell will lyse open and burst
    - - Paramecium that have contractile vacuoles use osmoregulation
    - - Plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes
        
        turgid: healthy plant cell
        
        flaccid: plant will wilt because of isotonic surroundings
        
        plasmolysis: shrivels up when a plant is hypotonic
  - - - aquaporins facilitate massive levels of diffusion of water
      - ion channels: channel proteins that transport ions
        
        function as gated channels, which open or close in response to stimulus
        
        nerve cell response to electrical stimulus
- - - - uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP
    - - both mitochondria and chloroplasts have membranes
  - - - thylakoids
      - geranium
      - stroma
    - - inter membrane space
      - stroma
      - thylakoid space
- - - - carry genes in the form of DNA
    - - tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from genes
    - - DNA in nucleus
      - Nucleus is bound by double membrane
    - - DNA concentrated in a region called the nucleoid
      - Nucleiod not membrane enclosed
    - - Eukaryotic Cell: term only refers to region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
      - w/in the cytoplasm is a variety or organelles w/ specialized form and function
      - membrane bound organelles are absent in many prokaryotic cells
    - - diameters are between 0.1 and 1 micrometer
      - enough DNA to program metabolism
      - enough enzymes and cellular equipment to carry put activities necessary for the cell to sustain itself and reproduce
    - - 10x the size of mycoplasmas
      - Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 micrometers in diameter
    - - limited amount of particular substance can cross per second
    - - As cells increases in size, surface area grows proportionally less than its volume
      - Area= linear dimension squared, Volume= linear dimension cubed
      - smaller object has greater ratio of surface area to volume
      - need large surface area to accommodate the volume explains microscopic cells elongated ones like nerve cells
      - high ratio of SA to volume important in cells that exchange a lot of material w/ their surroundings (intestinal cells)
      - microvilli: increase SA w/o an appreciable increase in volume
  - - - provide different local environments that support specifics metabolic function
      - plasma membrane & organelle membranes participate directly in the cell's metabolism
    - - lipid bilayer have proteins attached the surface
- - - - double membrane
      - lipid bilayer w/ associated proteins separated by space of 20-40nm
      - perforated by pore structures 100 nm in diameter
      - pore complex: lines each pore; regulates entry of exit of proteins and RNAs
    - - lamina and matrix organize genetic material so it functions
    - - contain long DNA molecule associated w/ many proteins
      - complex DNA and proteins making up chromosomes are called chromatin
    - - human cell has 46
      - sex cells have 23
    - - ribosomal RNA synthesized from instructions in the DNA
      - can be two or more nuclei
  - - - Human pancreas cell
    - - make proteins destined for insertion into membranes, packaging w/ion certain organelles like lysosomes; or secretion
- - - - aquaporins
        
        allow entry of up to 3 billion water molecules
- - - - lenses refract (bend) light
    - - LM can magnify to about 1,000 times the actual size of the specimen
    - - Methods that enhance contrast include staining or labeling cell components
    - - resolution is inversely related to the wavelength of electrons a microscope uses for imaging
    - - scans the surface usually coated w/ a film of gold
      - result appears in 3-D
    - - SEM and TEM use electromagnets as lenses to bend the paths of electrons
    - - takes cells apart and separates major organelles
      - centrifuge: holds mixtures of disrupted cells at a series of increasing speeds
      - allows researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify functions