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Ch. 6-7 (Chapter 6 (Surface area vs. Volume ratio (The need for surface…

- - - - Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses
    - - Scanning electron microscope
        
        Useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
      - Transmission electron microscope
        
        Study the internal structure of cells
  - - - Cytoplasm
      - Plasma Membrane
        
        Selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
      - Ribosomes
        
        Complexes that make proteins
      - Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Rough ER
        
        Glycoproteins
        
        Transport vesicles
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Metabolic process
      - Golgi Apparatus
        
        Receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing of cell products
      - Lysosomes
        
        Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
      - Vacuoles
        
        Store
      - Mitochondria
        
        Cellular respiration and ATP is produce
      - Chloroplast
        
        Photosynthesis
      - Peroxisomes
        
        Produces hydrogen peroxides
      - Cytoskeleton
        
        Microfilaments
        
        Actin
        
        Cortex
        
        Myosin
        
        Intermediate Filaments
        
        Anchorage of nucleus
        
        Microtubules
        
        Centrosomes
        
        Cilia
        
        Centrioles
        
        Flagella
      - Cell Wall
        
        Maintains cells shape
    - - Prokaryotic
        
        DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid
      - Eukaryotic
        
        DNA is found in the nucleus
- - - - it has both a hydrophillic and hydrophobic region
    - - Peripheral proteins
        
        not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all
      - Integral proteins
        
        Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
      - Functions
        
        Transport
        
        A protein spans the membrane
        
        Signal Transduction
        
        A membrane protein may bind site
        
        Ensymatic activity
        
        A protein built into the membrane
        
        Cell-cell recognition
        
        Some glycoproteins serve as identification tags
        
        Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
        
        Intercellular joining
        
        Membrane proteins of adjacent cells that hook together
  - - - Aquaporins
        
        channel proteins
      - span the membrane
    - - nonpolar molecules dissolve
  - - - the movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into the available space
    - - The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases
    - - The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
    - - The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane
      - With Cell Walls
        
        Turgid
        
        The healthy state for most plant cells
        
        Flaccid
        
        the plant wilts
        
        Plasmolysis
        
        Causes plant to wilt and can lead to plant death
      - Without Cell Wall
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Water will go out faster then enter
        
        Hypotonic
        
        water will enter the cell faster than it leaves
        
        Isotonic
        
        No net movement of water across membrane
        
        Tonicity
        
        The ability of a surrounding solution to cause cell to gain or lose water
        
        Omoregulation
        
        The control of solute concentration and water balance
  - - - exchanges Na for K across the plasma membrane