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Genetics (Replication of DNA (Free Nucleotides Pair with DNA Bases…
Genetics
Replication of DNA
S Phase of Cell Cycle
Doubles DNA Amount
Two Gene Copies
Chromatin Become Less Compact
Allows Replicating Factors
DNA Strands Separate
Replicon
Free Nucleotides Pair with DNA Bases
Ribonucleotides
Primer RNA
Act as Substrates for DNA Polymerase
Semiconservative Replication
DNA Polymerase
Adds Deoxyribonucleotides
End of Primer DNA
Okazaki Fragments
New Pieces of Primer RNA
New Pieces of DNA Grow Towards Existing Ones
Chromosomes
Single DNA
Replication Fork
Where DNA Uncoils and Separates
Mutations
Any Change in DNA
Point Mutation
Single Base is Converted to Another
Deletion
Lost DNA
Insertion
Additional DNA
Inversion
Backwards DNA
Causes of Mutations
Mutagen
What Causes Mutations
Chemicals
X-Rays
UV Lights
Radiation
Deletions
DNA Looping and Getting Left Out
Insertion
Accidental Incorporation
Transposable Elements
Insertion and Deletion Causes
Change Position from Chromosomes
Insertion Sequences
Few Thousand Base Pairs Long
Code Enzymes Involved in Cutting Insertion Sequence Out
Transposon
Longer Insertion Sequence
Codes for Proteins Unassociated with Transposition
Vary in Severity
Effects of Mutations
Depends on Nature, Position, Extent
Can Have No Effect
Can Inactivate Genes
Almost Always Harmful
Natural Selection Eliminates Deleterious Mutations
Somatic Mutations
Cells That Don't Lead to Sex Cells
Can or Cannot Alter Phenotypes
DNA Repair Processes
Recognize and Remove Mutations
Minimize or Recognize Mutations
Repair Rate Cannot Be Too Efficient or Ineffective
Cannot be Perfect
Monohybrid Crosses
Cross
Sexual Reproduction Between 2 Individuals
Incomplete Dominance
Monohybrid Cross
Single Character is Analyzed and Studied
Other Traits Not Considered
Much Simpler to Understand
Parental Generation
First Set of Parents
F1
Offspring of Parental Generation
First Filial Generation
Offspring Called F2
Homozygous
Two Identical Alleles
Heterozygous
Differing Alleles
Neither Parental Trait Dominates
Incomplete Dominance
Crossing Heterozygotes
Selfing
Plant's Own Pollen Fertilizes Own Eggs
Crossing With Same Genotypes
Not All Zygotes Have Same Genotypes
Punnett Square
Determines Potential Genotypes
Gregor Mendel
Complete Dominance
Dominant
Trait Shows Up
Recessive
Trait is "Hidden"
Test Crosses
Determines Genotypes
Hard to Determine Recessive Gene Sometimes
Questionable Plant Bred with Homozygous Plant
Pure-Bred Lines
Line of Homozygous Plants
Occasionally Not Known Until Plant Death
Annual Plants
Multiple Alleles
Genes Existing in Many Forms
Dihybrid Crosses
Two Genes are Studied
Independant Assortment
Alleles of One Gene Move Independently of the Other
Punnett Square Tells Possible Genotypes
Crossing-Over
Independent Assortment of Far Away Genes
Occurs During Prophase 1
Greater Possibility Between Farther Apart Genes
Linkage
Two Genes Close Together On Chromosome
Recombinant Chromosomes
Crossing-Over of Homologous Chromosomes
Recombination of Alleles
Parental Type Chromosomes
Map Unit
One Percent of Recombination Percentages
One Centimorgan
Approx. 1 Million Base Pairs
Quantitative Trait Loci
Epistasis
Multiple Genes For A Trait
Masked Gene Not Associated with Phenotype
Pleiotropic Effects
Multiple Phenotype Effects by One Mutation
Other Inheritance Aspects :
Maternal Inheritance
Biparental Inheritance
Both Parental Alleles Transmitted Equally
All Genes in Nucleus
Uniparental Inheritance
Zygote Gets Most Material from Maternal Parents
Maternal Inheritance
Pollen Parent and Ovule Parent
Variegation
Presence of Discolored Spots
Caused by Plastid Inheritance
Lethal Alleles
Mutation that can Kill the Plant
Often Recessive
Difficult to Detect
Young Death if Affecting Metabolic Functions
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
Plants Have Diverse Body Cells
Can Be Haploid, Diploid, or More
Polypoid
More than Two Sets of Chromosomes
Odd Ones are Sterile
Even Levels Are Successful
Nondisjunction
Chromatids Remain Together
Paralogs
Duplicates of Wild Type Genes
Gene Family
Multiple Gene Copies
