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MaggieForemanNervousSystem (Senses (Eye Components (Inner layer (Retina -…
MaggieForemanNervousSystem
Senses
Exteroceptors - stimulus comes from outside environment
Proprioceptors - stimulus in muscles, tendons, ligaments
Interoceptors - stimulus origin in internal organs
Chemoreceptor - sense chemicals outside and inside body
Nociceptor - pain
Thermoreceptor - heat and cold
Mechanoreceptor - pressure, touch, vibration, stretch
Baroreceptor - *special, measures pressure inside ie. blood vessels
Photoreceptor - light
Eye Components
Fibrous layer
Sclera - white of eye, dense connective tissue, protective, anchor for muscles (extrinsic eye muscles), gives shape to eye
Cornea - clear/transparent, allows light into eye, helps focus light on retina
Vascular layer
Choroid - nourishes outer layers, deeply pigmented, absorbs light and prevents it from scattering, continuous with ciliary body
Inner layer
Retina - neural layer with photoreceptors, axons converge from optic nerve
Lens - ligaments attach muscle to lens that pull on it to change the shape (posterior to iris)
Cones - fewer than rods, see color, work best in bright light
Iris - colored part of the eye, sphincter muscle, pupil allows light to come through to lens for focusing on the cornea
Rods - sensitive to light, black and white images, help in dim light
Optic disc - blind spot (no photo receptors), where axons come together to form optic nerve
Fovea centralis - very center of macula lutae, focus point, vision is clearest
macula lutea - exactly opposite the pupil, vision clearest here (shorter distance)
Posterior Segment
largest cavity, everything posterior to lens and cilliary body, filled with vitreous humor (clear), supports retina and lens, maintains pressure in eye
Anterior Segment
Anterior chamber
from iris to cornea, filled with aqueous humor, no blood vessels
Posterior chamber
from iris to posterior segment, filled with aqueous humor, no blood vessels
Visual Pathway
Cornea
Pupil
lens
posterior segment/vitreous humor
retina
Optic Nerve
Optic chiasm
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Olfaction
Components
Olfactory epithelium - roof of nasal cavity, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory sensory neurons
Olfactory bulb
Olfacotry nerves - dangle through cribriform plate/ethmoid bone
Olfaction pathway
Olfactory receptors
Olfactory sensory neuron (within olfactory bulb)
Olfactory tract
Limbic system (emotional brain)
Primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
Gustation
Components
Taste buds - tongue, inner cheeks, posterior wall of pharynx and epiglottis
Epithelial tissue
Gustation Pathway
3 different cranial nerves - facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X)
Medulla oblongata
thalamus
gustatory cortex in the insula
Ear
Components
Auricle - gathers sound waves and amplifies
Tympanic membrane - eardrum, vibrations
Auditory ossicles - 3 bones of inner ear
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Cochlea - liquid filled
Ear Pathway
Auricle
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
Cochlea
Cochlear branch
Vestibular and Cochlear nerves
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Nervous System Organization
Central Nervous System (Afferent/Sensory)
Brain and spinal cord - receive, process incoming signals and respond
Somatic and Autonomic Sensory - output to skeletal muscle, from ventral body cavity
Somatic Sensory - touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, proprioception from skin, body walls, limbs, special senses (hearing, equilibrium, vision)
Visceral Sensory - strech, pain, temperature, chemical changes, irritation, nausea, hunger, special senses (taste, smell)
Peripheral Nervous System (Efferent/Motor)
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves - sensitive to stimuli, send information toward CNS
Ganglia - cluster of neuron cell bodies
Somatic and Autonomic Motor - input from skim, muscle, skeletal muscle, joints, limbs
Somatic Motor - innervation to skeletal muscles
Visceral Motor - innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac and glands
Nervous System Anatomy
Neuron - single nerve cell
Epineurium - tough, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve
Nerve Fiber - axon
Axon - part of neuron that carries signal
Myelin Sheath - insulation that covers some axons (mylenated and non-myelinated)
Endoneurium - loose connective tissue
Fascicle - bundle of axons
Perineurium - fiberous connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle
Nerve - Whole collection
Glial Cells
Central Nervous System
Astrocytes - most numerous type of glial cells, many processes that contact neurons and capillaries, structural support, maintain chemical environment
Microglia - phagocytes of CNS (immune system cells), eat/monitor pathways for bacteria, viruses, pathogens, recycle old cells, remove damaged nerve tissue
Ependymal Cells - simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium, cilliated on one side, microvilli on other side, like spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid, keeps fluid moving "floats" your brain
Oligodendrocytes - myelination, wrap plasma membrane around pieces of several axons
Neurons - clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Tract - collection of axons in CNS
Gray and white matter in CNS - gray matter superficial to white matter, cortex = gray matter 4mm thick, neuron cell bodies, white matter are tracts for processing, axons myelinated and nonmyelinated
Peripheral Nervous System
Satellite Cells - structural support, regulate in/out of neurons and exchange of materials
Schwann Cells - myelination, wrap plasma membrane around one portion of axon
Ganglion - cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Nerve - bundle of fascicles in PNS
Neurons
Cell Body - receiver of message
Nucleus and Nucleolus - makes ribosomes, nucleus is command center of cell
Chromatophilic Substance - free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, renew plasma membrane and proteins within cytosol
Dendrites - receives messages from other cells
Axon Hillock - doorway
Axon - messages go through
Axon collaterals - branches off from main axon
Terminal arborization - smaller branches that send message, at ends
Terminal boutons (axon terminals)- very ends of axons
Structural Types of Neurons
Bipolar - two processes, special senses have many of these
Unipolar - one process, no dendrites
Multipolar - most abundant type, lots of processes from cell bodies
Functional Types of Neurons
Interneurons/Association Neurons - most numerous type of all neurons in the body 99.98%, multipolar, only found in CNS between neurons,
Motor/Efferent - always multipolar, cell bodies usually in CNS, then go into PNS to either muscle or glands
Sensory/Afferent - unipolar (special senses = bipolar), cell bodies located in ganglia of the PNS, ganglia found near spinal cord