Group and Team Dynamics in Sport 2
Steiners Model of Group Effectiveness
Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Losses due to faulty processes
Motivational Losses
Lack of team cohesion
Individual efforts not being recognised/ lack of accountability
Learned Helplessness - failure attributed to internal stable factors and a lack of self confidence
Injury and Illness of players
Lack of identifiable roles for team members
Team performance/productivity is decreased by social loafing and a lack of individual motivation
Audiences/Crowds being negative leading to demotivation
Insufficient incentives to work together and a lack of a common goal
Environmental factors may lead to a lack of motivation
Co-ordination Losses
Poor leadership which does not motivate the team
Poor team tactics and strategies
A lack of communication leading to poor co-ordination and team mates not working together
The Ringlemann Effect
The Ringelmann Effect
Loss of performance due to motivational losses and co-ordination problems
The main cause was judged to be a loss of individual motivation (Social Loafing)
Performance decreases as group size increases
Rope Pull experiment by Ingham et al (1974) - 8 rope pullers only pulled 4x as hard as 1 rope puller
Social Loafing
Preventing Social Loafing
When some individuals in a group lose motivation often due to a loss of identity when placed in a group
Social support from team mates as well as peer pressure can reduce likelihood of social loafing
Giving clear verbal feedback to team members about their performance
Highlighting individual performance to make all team members feel important
Team members should be considered and selected on how they interact so that co-ordination losses are reduced
Small sides games and sub team practices may improve co-ordination and interaction reducing co-ordination losses