PSBR mindmap (WildCRU A)

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Pressure

Benefit

Ced: Population numbers

Ced: Water catchment

Response

MC: Establishment of Protected Habitats, Local Conservation Areas, and Sanctuaries

MC:Removal of potentially viable breeders from the wild

MC: Increase in Fishery Productivity and Wild Population, Encourages Human-Crocodile Coexistence, Economic Livelihood through Ecotourism

FMT: Protection of native species

FMT:Neuter/spay individuals to control populations

Jia Min: Conflicting land-use pressures (e.g. urbanisation)

Jia Min:
implications of biodiversity loss

a climate of fear between people and wildlife (i.e. we cannot go close to them, we cannot go off the trail)
loss of pollinators/seed dispersers for rare native plants
reduced genetic pool

benefits

increased gene pool
development of human-nature relationships
more resilient ecosystem

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Habitat Fragmentation

Poaching and Over Exploitation

Invasive Species

Edge Effect

Restoration of Ecosystems

Human-Wildlife Conflict

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Evan L: Cleaning up of waterways. Freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened and if nature is given a chance it can rebound.

Evan L: Negative effects of poorly managed eco-tourism

FMT: Increase of feral populatioms

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VR: Climate change and disease outbreaks

VR: Adopt eco-friendly lifestyle

State

Ced: water pollution

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VR: Indigenous people and their culture should be protected as they are the ones who live close to nature, depend and take care of nature. Their traditional knowledge teaches them to use the natural resources in a sustainable manner and conserve nature. They can teach us how to live in harmony with nature.

VR: Over-harvesting of resources critical for species survival

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OOC: Lack of awareness about environmental = no responsibility and accountability

Bui:

Threathened coral reef and Mangrove Forest Ecosystem
Coastal erosion
=> Decrease number of tourists, socio-economic lost, livelihood lost.

Bui:

Natural disasters (flood, typhoon, coastal erosion,...)
Bad human behaviours.
High pressure from economic development (tourism,...)
No waste water treatment.

Bui: Sustainable tourism and development

Improve coral reef and mangrove forest ecosystem health
Increase tourist satisfaction.

Bui:

Designing and zoning an MPA
Stakeholder-drive patrolling and enforcement
Facilitating a co-management dialogue
Establishing local management infrastructure
Developing alternative livelihoods
Conducting formal baseline and risk assessment

Ced; Halt all loggings in forest reserve

VR: It is very important to carry out researches in order to develop necessary conservation strategies and conduct awareness and outreach programs along.

VR: Magnified effects of natural disasters

Evan L: Joy. Nature is inclusive regardless of someones personal wealth. We can all enjoy the sunset/sunrise, flowers in bloom or wildlife spectacles. In addition, many opportunities exist from restoring ecosystem services e.g. clean air, resources (e.g. fish) and eco tourism.

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VR: Nature conservation helps fight back climate change by reducing carbon in the atmosphere and regulating earth's temperature (Carbon sequestration by the forests).

Yi-Fan: human technology/ industry activity

Yi-Fan: killed and injured wildlife from fishing bycatch, roadkill, bird aircraft strike hazard, pesticide use in farming...etc

Yi-Fan: reduced wildlife casualties help maintained the ecological balance (i.e. restoring predators help control rodent population-> reduced disease transmission, reduced crop loss...etc), economize medical resources, and reduced mechanical cost (from damage & repair)

Yi-Fan: Research & legislation of wildlife corridor, environmental impact assessment, and technology/ construction (i.e. control/ ban the use of certain fishing tools and pesticide, where to build airports/ highways...etc)

VR: Agricultural intensification and monoculture practice (such as palm oil cultivation in south-east Asia); mining

VR: Encourage forest protection and heterogeneous plantations as it supports high species diversity and populations and maintaining ecosystem functioning and balance

VR: Enhanced biodiversity provides a variety of ecosystem services such as provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. Biodiversity loss will have a huge decline in the productivity of an ecosystem. The loss of biodiversity in this pace will have a long term impact on the planet's future.

VR: The diversity and population of species is declining. The planet has witnessed the 60% decline in the populations of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians since 1970. A fifth of the Amazon forest has been lost (WWF Living Planet Report 2018).

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Increasing population of human beings

JAA: low population numbers/ population density

high efficiency farming

High dose of pesticide and rodenticide usage

Reducing human-wildlife conflict

Test the pesticide residues in crops

JAA: demand for wildlife products

JAA: illegal pet trade - demand for live animals

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JAA: invasive species

JAA: pressure of resource acquisition; limited resources

JAA: forest fragmentation

JAA: easily exacerbated by case-specific factors e.g. slow breeding rate, ecosystem health

JAA: preserving ecosystems for generations to come

JAA: especially health of global ecosystem, i.e. generation of oxygen by forests

JAA: reducing plastic waste

JAA: PR campaigns for more eco-friendly consumer habits

JAA: using public transport

JAA: using less electricity via energy efficient lightbulbs, etc.

JAA: Pressure on corporations to make more environmentally friendly decisions

JAA: corporate-social responsibility including environmental issues

JAA: international organizations and companies being held accountable for their policies

Exploitation

Illegal wildlife trade

Aquarium/pet trade

competition

mutualism/commensalism/parasitism

30% loss of the Great Barrier Reef, world's largest coral reef system in 2016 heatwave (Hugh et al., 2018. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages)

Carbon storage in wetlands

Conservation of native flora attracts native fauna

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OOC: Wild meat and exotic meat

OOC: traditional medicines

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OOC: Lack of awareness among users

OOC: Trend and fashions

OOC: No proper waster management in eco-tourism area (e.g polluted lakes, wild animals feed on rubbish)

OOC: Lack of political will

OOC: Air pollution, very bad in some countries

Jia Min: Ecological Corridors, Species Recovery Programs, Ex situ Conservation(Zoo breeding programs and other release programs by NGOs (e.g. ACRES), Park connector networks, parks)

Collaboration among stakeholders for long -term conservation success e.g. national parks, policymakers, nature societies, bloggers, education institutions, etc.

OOC: Illegal hunting

OOC: Corruption in environmental-related matters

OOC: Climate change is affecting biodiversity

OOC: Huge implications on human livelihood (e.g seafoods is depleting >> food price increased + fishermen are losing income >> creating social issues + welfare)

OOC: Benefits - undisturbed ecosystem services and aesthetic values

OOC: Improved policy in wildlife-human conflict management (e.g promote co-existence between human and elephants, increase tolerance towards wildlife by having right education and awareness)

OOC: Everyone to take a small act to 'Say No to Sngle-used Plastics'; small act but big impact

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OOC: Mainstreaming management of natural resources, reduce internal conflicts between governance bodies and ensure implementation of master plan (i.e Central Forest Spine project in Peninsular Malaysia that is suffering from mismanagement)

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OOC: Science/ research findings do not penetrate into layman society (one of the main users)

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Lipei: Ecotourism boom is affecting the nature, wildlife and human populations in different ways. Nature: Increase in waste disposal such as plastics. Wildlife: Increasing contact with humans & over-fishing. Humans: Demand for nature resources such as mangrove charcoal and seafood

Lipei: Mangroves act as nursery for marine creatures and protect the coastlines. Dolphins and fireflies live in the area and surrounding waters. Sustainable ecotourism practices will thus lead to improved mangrove ecosystem health, higher tourist satisfaction & profitable local economy.

Lipei: Include all stakeholders in sustainable conservation decisions. Examples of decisions: Nature: Better waste disposal management & reducing plastic usage. Wildlife: Imposing limits/conservative efforts to wildlife sightings and fishing. Humans: Education and awareness programs.

Lipei: Ecotourism booming in an area with conservation status. E.g. mangrove reserves

ANP: ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive alien species

ANP: Invasive alien species are agents of ecological and evolutionary change which consequently directly or indirectly impair different aspects of human socio-economy. Invasive alien species is recognized as the 2nd major threat to global biodiversity, and is in fact the primary cause of most recent extinctions. In United States alone, the damages caused by invasive alien species is estimated to cost billions of dollars annually.

ANP: Managing the invasion of invasive alien species will alleviate the pressures to biodiversity loss and its impacts to human well being.

ANP: Develop and implement management strategies against biological invasions, with especial emphasis on prevention. Precautionary principle states that an ounce of prevention is a pound of cure -- by preventing future introductions of invasive alien species is more cost-effective than control and eradication or totally doing nothing.

SK: Human wildlife conflict

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SK: Retaliatory Killing

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SK: Increased negative perception towards wildlife

SK: Increased human wildlife interaction

SK: Increased risk of disease transmission

SK:Some of cultural and Social values demanding destruction of wildlife

SK:Lack of awareness among local communities for the conservation and importance of bidoversity

SK: Weak law enforcement against biodiversity loss

SK: Demands of Bushmeat and other wildlife parts in international level

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SK:People on the position to enforce law themselves have weak knowledge on biodiversity conservation so, don't notice even if illegal things happening too

Road killing on highways

SK:Increased hunting and poaching

Road killing

SK: Strong law enforcement to stop poaching

SK: Transboundary Conservation approaches

SK: From species based to ecosystem to landscape based conservation practises

SK: Building corridors between protected areas

SK: Community based forestry management and biodiversity management activities

EHPT: Wood demand from agricultural and urban expansions

EHPT: Increase risk to flood and soil erosion

EHPT: Community intervention and continuous education on the importance of native species.
Establish partnership with the governing body of the community incorporate research outputs management plan.