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Congenital abnormality (發病 (環境影響 (Cyclopamine (抑制 Hedgehog (SHH)…

- - - - 抑制 Hedgehog (SHH) signaling，cyclopia
- - - - Small-for-gestational-age (SGA)
      - Large-for-gestational-age (LGA)
      - Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
    - - 胎兒
        
        染色體疾病
        
        先天性感染TORCH
      - 胎盤
        
        頭大身體小
        
        胎盤成長不足(adequacy of placenta growth)
        
        臍帶-胎盤間血管異常(umbilical-placental vascular anomalies):
        
        單一臍動脈(single umbilical artery)
        
        偏位、血管瘤、胎盤剝離(abruption)、胎盤前置(previa)、胎盤血栓(thrombosis、多胎妊娠(multiple gestations)
      - 孕婦：最常見原因
        
        血管疾病
        
        子癇(pre-eclampsia)，又稱為妊娠毒血症(toxemia of pregnancy)
        
        易產生栓塞的體質(thrombophilias)
        
        用藥(drugs)
        
        營養不良
- - - - 心血管缺陷(cardiovascular defects)
      - 染色體異常(chromosomal anomalies)
        
        透納氏症(turner syndrome)
        
        囊狀水腫(Cystic hygroma)
      - 胎兒貧血(fetal anemia)
      - Twin-to-twin transfusion
- - - - 汗腺
        
        再吸收氯離子，鈉離子一起被帶入
      - 呼吸、消化上皮
        
        分泌氯離子進入管腔，抑制鈉離子吸收
- - - - Cavernous hemangioma (CNS)
      - von Hippel-Lindau syndrome