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Foodborne pathogens of seafood and their antibiotic resistance (Case…

- - - - Antibiotics were discovered in 1928.By a scientist named Alexander Flemming. The first antibiotic was pencillin which is still used today to treat infection.
        
        How do antibiotics work?
        
        Antibiotics kill or inhibit a bacteria's by interfering with the formation of the cell wall or its contents
        
        Bacteriocidal
        
        Kills bacteria
        
        Bacteriostatic
        
        Stops bacteria from multiplying
        
        Advantages
        
        Antibiotics are a necessary medicine which sometimes are life saving
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Antibiotics can upset your natural gut microbiota and lead to other health problems with continued use
- - - - Norovirus
      - Hepatitis A
    - - Protozoa
    - - Escherichia coli
        
        E.coli is normally found in the intestines of normal humans and animals. It is a gram negative straight rod and is motile through the use of flagellae. E.coli is also a non spore former. It is an aerobe and a facultive anaerobe with an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees (body temp)
        
        Escherichia coli can trigger diarrhea but the strain O157:H7 produces a powerful toxin that affects the small intestine resulting in bloody diarrhea. This strain can be ingested by eating an undercooked hamburger or drinking contaminated water
      - Salmonella spp
        
        Salmonella spp. is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria. It is a facultative aerobe meaning it has the potential to survive in oxygen or in absence of oxygen.
        
        Salmonella infection, known as salmonellosis, is usually caused by ingesting undercooked meat, poultry, egg or egg products. Usually the onset takes about 72 hours. People experience diarrhea, abdominal cramps and fever.
      - Campylobacter spp
        
        Campylobacter jejuni is often found in raw poultry. This is a gram negative, spiral shaped bacteria. It is a microaerophilic organism surviving in environments at a reduced oxygen concentration of 3-5%. It is a non spore former.
        
        Campylobacter spp. is known to be the number one source of gastroenteritis infection in humans in the world. The disease state as a result of this bacteria is known as Campylobacteriosis. Symptoms are generally mild but can be fatal for particular high risk groups.
- - - - This is a threat because if the current trends continue, simple, treatable diseases such as pneumonia or the common cold may become incurable.
    - - Several studies have looked into natural alternatives as a way of inhibiting or killing pathogenic bacteria. Herbs and essential oils to name but a few, which are both known to have antibacterial properties
- - - - Mollusks such as clams and oysters.
      - Crustaceans such as shrimp and lobsters.
    - - Vibro, Salmonella and Listeria are three common food borne illnesses associated with fish
        
        Listeria
        
        This is a gram positive non spore forming, motile, facultatively, anaerobic rod shaped bacterium
        
        Listeria causes muscle cramps, fever and flu like symptoms
        
        This is a non enveloped, single stranded RNA virus. It is a highly infectious enteric virus
        
        The Norovirus causes abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea
        
        Vibrio
        
        This is a gram negative curved rod bacteria and is mainly associated with undercooked seafood
        
        Vibrio causes watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps and vomiting