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Challenges in the Human Environment (Urban change (The growth of Mega…
Challenges in the Human Environment
Urban change
Urbanization:
The physical and human growth of towns and cities.
Mega city:
A city with over
10 Million
inhabitants
The growth of Mega cities
Mega cities engulf the surrounding towns
Good trade links
Better Living conditions
Natural increase = Birth rate - Death rate
Population change = Natural increase + Migration
Rural to urban migration
Push factors
Few jobs
Poor quality housing
Little money to support family
Pull factors
Variety of jobs
Better quality housing
Higher income
Good Healthcare
Case study: Mumbai
Oppurtunites
Varied jobs
Better housing quality
Good transport links
Economic center of India
Challenges
Water shortage
Public transport unable to meet demands
35% covered by sewage
7,500 tonnes of rubbish made, no council collection
Slums house 9 Million
School drop-outs
No safe electrical supply
Informal occupation
Importance of Mumbai
6% of India's GDP
40% of foreign trade
Major airport
Global city
Neva Sheva- largest port
Entertainment hub: Bollywood, fashion and commercial center
Environmental issues
Air pollution
Noise, air and visual pollution
High levels of Nitrous oxides in the air
Large amount of particulate matter and dust
Causes health problems such as asthma, bronchitis and cancer
The limit for PM10 is 20g/m3, Mumbai is 132g/m3-
Dangerously high
Traffic
22 Million vehicles
Noise and air pollution caused by old cars
Unsafe roads
Time wasted in traffic jams
Waste
There is no council waste collection
7,500 tonnes of waste produced daily
Dharavi recycles 80% of plastics
Other
There is too much human and industrial waste- gets discharged into rivers and lakes
Dealing with the environmental issues is expensive
Unregulated industries contribute to the problem