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Skeletal System, Joints and Muscular System (Muscular System (Functions…
Skeletal System, Joints and Muscular System
Skeletal System
Bones (35% organic material, 65% inorganic) hardness, resist compression, support connective tissue and movement
Long bones - hands, feet, arms, legs; any bone longer than it is wide = long bones
Epiphyses - end of bone, articular cartilage
Diaphysis - middle part of bone/shaft
Medullary cavity - marrow inside, yellow or red
Nutrient arteries bring blood to bone
Short bones - somewhat of a cube (tarsals, carpals, ankle, etc.)
Flat bones - sternum, occipital, parietal; smooth ie the skull
Irregular bones - vertebrae (many processes, oddly shaped
Spongy bone - no osteons (end of long bones, inside flat bones/all other bones)
Endosteum - inside the bone cavity like a lining, covers trabeculae
Compact bone - outer part of every bone is compact; composed of osteons packed tightly together (long cylinders like pencils)
Periosteum - outside covering of bone not on ends of bones (not articular cartilage) made of dense irregular tissue; 2 layers
Inner cellular layer - osteogenic
Outer layer - Dense irregular connective tissue, contains Sharpey's fibers that hold the periosteum tightly to the bone where ligaments and tendons connect
Bone cells
Osteogenic cells - located in periosteum, endosteum
Stem cell
Stem cell
Osteoblast - making extracellular matrix
Osteocytes - retired osteoblast, in lacuna maintaining bone tissue
Osteoclasts - do not originate from osteogenic cells (come from leukosytes) break down bone tissue
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Cranium - frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, auditory ossicles, cranial cavity, sutures
Face - nasal bones, maxilla, zygomatic bone, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha, vomer
Temporomandibular joint
Zugomatic arch
Orbit
Hard palate
Nasal septum
Fontanelles - anterior, sphenoidal, mastoid, posterior
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column - vertebra (cervical, thorasic, lumbar), sacru, coccyx
Thoracic cage - thoracic vertebra, sternum, ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs) costal cartilage
Appendicular Skeleton - Scapulae, clavicle, upper limbs, pelvis, lower limbs
Pectoral girdle - clavicle, scapula
Upper limbs - Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle - coxal bone
Pelvis - coxal bone, sacrum, coccyx, pubic symphysis
Lower limbs - femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Joints
Fiberous joints
Sutures - bones joined together with very short interconnecting fibers; only found in the skull, no movement
Syndesmosis - bundles of dense regular connective tissue, little movement, metatarsals and carpals
Gomphosis - joint between tooth and alveolus, periodontal ligaments, no movement
Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis - where two bones meet, joined by cartilage; epiphyseal plate, hyaline cartilage; between 1st rib and manubrium; no movement
Symphesis - pubic symphesis, joins two pubic bones; intervertebral joints; slightly moveable
Synovial joints - all other joints that aren't cartilaginous or fibrous; presence of joint cavity surrounded by a joint capsule
Joint Capule - 2 layers; outer more superficial tissue is dense irregular tissue that attaches to the periosteum; deeper inner layer is the synovial membrane, composed mostly of areolar connective tissue, secretes synovial fluid
Bursa - sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction, located between tendons and bone, skin and bones, ligaments and bone, muscle and bone
Tendon sheath - special type of bursa that wraps itself around a tendon
Plane joint - gliding movement; intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between vertebral articular surfaces
Hinge joint - Flexion and extension; elbows, interphalangeal joints
Pivot joint - rotation; proximal radioulnar joints and atlantoaxial joints
Condrylar joint - flexion and extension, adduction and abduction; knuckle joints, wrist joints
Saddle joint - adduction and abduction, flexion and extension; carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Ball and socket joints - flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation; shoulder and hip joints
Muscular System
Functions
Produce movement - attached to bones, some attached to skin ie. face
Open/close passageways; sphincters in pupils and intestines
Maintain posture and stabilize joints
Generate heat by exercising or shivering
Properties
Contractility - generate tension or force while pulling on an attachment point
Excitability - stimulated by nerves, ability to respond to stimulus, can produce an electrical signal
Extensibility - ability to stretch (within limits) without damage
Elasticity - ability to return to original shape after extending and contracting
Anatomy of skeletal muscle
Tendon attached to periosteum
Tendon
Fascicle
One cell/fiber
Organelles inside (myofibrils, many mitochondria)
Sarcolemma - plasma membrane of muscle cell, invaginating
Transverse tubules - T tubules wrap around myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage of calcium
Terminal cisternae - solid bands next to T tublues where sarcoplasmic reticulum ends (storage place for calcium)
Sarcomere - repeating unit of contraction
Thin filaments called actin
Thick filaments called myosin
Z disc/line - boundaries of sarcomere, actin attached to Z line
A bands are dark
I bands are light
Endomysium - connective tissue between each cell/fiber, create space for blood vessels to run next to muscle fibers
Perimysium - covers each fascicle, blood vessels run just deeps to perimysium layer
Epimysium - outside of whole muscle organ, binds all fascicles together
Deep fascia bundles groups of muscles together, dense irregular connective tissue
Head and Neck
Buccinator, Masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, sternocleidomastoid
Trunk
Pectoralis Major, deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Upper Limb
Rotator cuff group, triceps brachii, biceps brachii
Lower Limb
Gluteus maximus, adductor group, sartorius, quadriceps femoris group, hamstring group, tensor fasciae latae, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, illiotibial tract, calcaneal tendon
Serratus Anterior
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique