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SKELETAL SYSTEM (SKELETAL MUSCLE (Components of Skeletal Fiber (Sarcolemma…
SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Functions
Producing Movement
Open and close body passage ways
Maintain posture and stabilize joints
Heat Generations
Properties
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Connective Tissue Layers
Endomysium (Around each muscle fiber, mostly reticular)
Perimysium (Around muscle fascicle DICT)
Deep Fascia (Around whole muscle organ system, DICT)
Epimysium (Around each muscle organ)
Components of Skeletal Fiber
Sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle fiber
Myofibrils: little fibers (organelles of muscle fibers)
Mitochondria: ATP/energy producers
T(ransverse) Tubules: opening made into the cell, surround myofibrils (allows electrical process)
Sarcoplasm Reticulum: storage place for calcium, within muscle, smooth ER
TISSUES
Functions
Support (soft tissue connection framework)
Movement Assistance (with muscle)
Protection (cranium, vertebrae & ribs)
Mineral Storage (Ca & P)
Blood Cell Formation (red bone marrow soft tissue)
Energy Storage( fat nutrient in yellow bone marrow)
Structural Components
Bones
35% organic (connective tissue, osteocytes, EM, collagen etc) 65% inorganic (mineral - Calcium & Phosphorus)
Ligaments
Made of dense regular C.T.
Tendons
Articulations
Joints
Cartilage
Hyaline Cartliage
larynx, trachea, costal cartilage, nose
Elastic Cartilage
epiglottis & external ear
Fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis & knee menisci
BONES
Types
Long Bone
longer than wide (humerus, femur)
Diaphysis (shaft): Yellow bone marrow in medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) inside a layer of compact bone which contain nutrient arteries running through, under a layer of periosteum (which is connected to the compact bone by collagen fiber bundles all within periosteum ( atricular/hyaline cartilage) Epiphysis (ends): separated from diaphysis by epiphyseal line (thickened bone formed by hyaline cartilage), interior is mostly spongy bone within a layer of endosteum under a layer of compact bone lined on top with periosteum
Short Bone
cube shaped roughly (talus)
Flat Bone
thin, flat, somewhat curved (sternum, skull bones, scapula)
Irregular bone
various shapes (vertebra & hip bones)
Compact vs. Spongy
Compact
Superficial layer covering every bone, osteogenic (bone forming), DICT, has perforating canal that joins two central canals containing blood vessels and nerves
Spongy
Found at the end of long bones and between compact bones in flat bones, made up by tuburculae (little bits of bone), osteocytes and EM, filled with red bone marrow, endosteum
Cell types
Osteogenic (stem cells, create osteoblasts)
Osteoblasts (young cell, lives in lacuna, creates EM)
Osteocytes (old cell, found in bone tissue, maintains healthy cone tissue
Osteoclast: large cell, fusion of leukocytes (helps in breaking down bone)
JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS
Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage/ immobile
Located between epiphyseal plates (until you lose them) and between first rib and manubrium of the sternum
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage between layer of hyaline/ slightly movable
Located in pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs
FIBROUS
Suture
Joint is held together by two very short interconnecting fibers
Movement: none
Ex) Skull only, coronal, sagittal, lambdoid sutures etc
Syndesmosis
Joint is held together by a ligament, dense regular connective tissue(long fibers)
Movement: very slightly mobile
Ex) joint between fibula and tibia
Gomphosis
Movement: none
Ex) where tooth meets aveolus
Peridontal ligament holds tooth in socket
SYNOVIAL
Function: reduces shock (cushioning), nourishes cartilage (articular) Movement: freely movable (depending on design of joint)
Components
Articular cartilage, joint cavity,articular capsule, fibrous layer,synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and vessels, articular discs, bursae and tendon sheaths
Types
Plane Joint:
flat articular surfaces, can glide, ex) Intercarpal joints
Hinge Joint
: cylinder shaped, flexion and extension, ex) elbow joints
Pivot Joint:
"sleeve and axle", rotation, ex) atlantoaxial joint
Condylar Joint:
oval articular surfaces, flexion & extension, adduction & abduction ex) knuckle and wrist joints
Saddle Joint:
articular surfaces are concave and convex, flexion & extension, adduction & abduction ex) thumb joint
Ball-and-socket Joint:
spherical head (ball) in cup (socket), flexion & extension, adduction & abduction, rotation ex) shoulder & hip joints
A place where two bones meet, assists in movement
Adjoining bones are united by collagenic fibers
Adjoining bones united by cartilage
Adjoining bones separated by a joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane