Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
TimKlintworthSkeletalSystem (Skeletal system / tissues (Functions (Support…
TimKlintworthSkeletalSystem
Skeletal system / tissues
Functions
Support
Framework for connective soft tissues
Tendons (connect bone to bone - dense regular connective tissue)
Ligaments (connect bone to muscle - dense regular connective tissue)
Movement
Helps muscles move
Protection
e.g. cranium, rib cage, and vertebrae
Mineral storage
Calcium
Phosphate
Blood cell formation
Red bone marrow
Energy storage
Yellow bone marrow
Structure
Bone
35% organic (cells and extracellular matrix)
65% inorganic (minerals)
Articulations (joints)
Ligaments
Reinforce by connecting bones together
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons
Join muscles to to bones
Dense regular connective tissue
Cartilage
Firm but flexible tissue
Gives shape
Elastic cartilage
e.g. external ear and epiglottis
Compact bone
External layer
Osteons packed together
Spongy bone
Honeycomb like internal layer (trabecular bone)
No osteons
Trabeculae
Osteocytes
Extracellular matrix
Ends of long bones and inside all other bones
Long bone
Longer than they are wide
e.g. most limb bones, fingers, and toes
Bone cells
Osteogenic
Stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
Located in periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts
Lay down new bone
Actively produce and secrete components to the bone matrix
Ground substance and collagen fibers
Osteocytes
Osteoblast is completely surrounded by bone matrix
Keep bone matrix healthy
Osteoclasts
Break bone down
Responsible for resorption of bone
Derived from leukocytes
Multinucleated
Microvilli (break down bone tissue --> resorption)
Medullary cavity secretes enzymes
Marrow
Red marrow
Makes blood cell
Remains between trabecular of spongy bone
e.g. vertebrae, coxal bones, sternum, ribs, and skull
Yellow marrow
Site of fat storage
Occupies all other regions of long bones
Flat bone
Flattened, somewhat curved
Short bone
Roughly cubed shaped
Joints
Fibrous joints
Sutures
Held together with short interconnecting fibers
Bones edges interlock
e.g. skill (no movement)
Syndesmosis
Held together by ligaments of various lengths
Dense regular connective tissue
e.g. fibula, tibia, carpals, and tarsals (little movement)
Gomphosis
Peg-in-socket
e.g. periodontal ligaments hold tooth in socket
Between teeth and alveoli (no movement)
Cartilaginous joints
Symphysis
Bones united by fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage
e.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs (slightly moveable)
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
e.g. epiphyseal plate, between first rib and manubrium (no movement)
Synovial joints
Components
Surrounded by a joint capsule (2 layers)
Superficial outer layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Deep inner synovial membrane
Mostly alveolar connective tissue
Secretes synovial fluid- Lubricating
Shock absorbers
Nourishes articular cartilage
Structure
Plane joint
Flat articular surfaces
Gliding nonaxial movement
e.g. between carpals and tarsals
Hinge joint
Cylinder and trough
Uniaxial movement
Flexion and extension
Medial / lateral axis
e.g. elbows and interphalangeal joints
Pivot joint
Sleeve (bone and ligament) and axis (rounded bone)
Uniaxial movement
Vertical axis and rotation
e.g. proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joint
Condylar joint
Oval articular surface
Biaxial movement
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Medial / lateral and anterior / posterior axis
e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) and wrist joints
Saddle joint
Articular surfaces both concave and convex
Biaxial movement
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Medial / lateral and anterior / posterior axis
e.g. carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
Ball-and-socket joint
Spherical head (ball) and cup (socket)
Multiaxial movement
Flexion and extenstion
Adduction and aabduction
Rotation
Vertical axis
Medial / lateral and anterior / posterior axis
e.g. shoulder and hip joints
Skeletal muscle
Function
Produce movement
e.g. bones, blood, contents of hollow organs
Open and close body passageways (sphincter muscles)
e.g. urethra and iris
Maintain posture and stabilize joints
Generate heat
Properties
Contractility
Generates tension / force when pulling on a place that's attached
-Excitability
Ability to respond to stimulus and produce electrical signal
Extensibility
Ability to extend muscles within limits
Elasticity
Ability to return to original shape
Connective tissue layers
Endomysium (inside muscle)
Composed mostly of reticular fibers
Create space
Allow space for small blood vessels
-Perimysium
Covers each fascicle
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains blood vessels within
Epimysium (upon muscle)
Binds fascicles together
Dense irregular connective tissue
-Deep fascia
Binds whole muscles together (group of muscles)
Dense irregular connective tissue
Components
Microfibril
Muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Terminal cisternae
Storage place for calcium
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Storage of calcium
T-tubule (transverse tubules)
Triad
Cells found Skeletal system
Osteoblasts
Lay down new bone
Actively produce and secrete components to the bone matrix
Ground substance and collagen fibers
Osteocytes
Osteoblast is completely surrounded by bone matrix
Keep bone matrix healthy
Osteogenic
Stem cells that differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts
Located in periosteum and endosteum
Osteoclasts
Break bone down
Responsible for resorption of bone
Derived from leukocytes
Multinucleated
Microvilli (break down bone tissue --> (resorption)
Medullary cavity secretes enzymes