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Skeletal/Muscle Systems (Skeletal System (Major Functions (Support…

- - - - Framework for Soft Tissue connection
        
        Tendons (Muscle--Bone)
        
        Ligaments (Bone--Bone)
    - - Eg. Cranium, Vertebrae, Thoracic (Rib) Cage
    - - Calcium + Phosphorous
        
        Body may go to these deposits to restore normal levels in the blood
    - - Happens in Red Bone Marrow
    - - Nutrients from Fat
        
        "Yellow" Bone Marrow
  - - - Organic Portion (35%)
        
        Cells
        
        E.C. Matrix
        
        Collagen Fiber
      - Inorganic Portion (65%)
        
        Minerals (for Hardness)
        
        Calcium
        
        Phosphorous
    - - Made of Dense Regular C.T.
    - - "All Together"
        
        Joints
    - - Hyaline
        
        Costal (Rib)
        
        Nasal
        
        Articular
        
        Found in Articulated Joints (At end of Bones in joint)
      - Fibro-
        
        Intervertebral Discs
        
        Pubic Symphysis
        
        Menisci of Knees
  - - - Periosteum
        
        Covers Bone, made of Dense Irregular C.T.
      - Perforating Canal
      - Osteons
      - Lamellae
    - - Location
        
        Ends of Long Bone
        
        Fills Space b/t compact bone in Flat Bones
      - Structure
        
        Red Bone Marrow
        
        NO Osteons
        
        Tebeculae
        
        Endosteum
        
        Osteogenic
  - - - Epiphyses (Ends)
        
        Epiphyseal Line (Plate when growing)
        
        Hyaline Cartilage; Ossifies through growth
        
        Compact Bone
        
        Articular Cartilage
      - Diaphysis (Middle)
        
        Compact Bone
        
        Spongy Bone
        
        Medullary Cavity
      - Membranes
        
        Periosteum (Outside)
        
        Outside Layer
        
        Dense Irregular C.T.
        
        Inside (Cellular) Layer
        
        Osteogenic; Place of Attachment for Ligaments/Tendons
        
        Endosteum (Inside)
    - - Compact
      - Spongy
      - Cartilage
  - - - Red
        
        Found in ALL Bone from Fetus-7 Years
        
        When Adult: Found in Axial Skeleton
        
        All Spongy Bone
      - Yellow
        
        All other bones outside of Axial Skeleton after 7 Years Old
    - - Red
        
        Composition
        
        Gelatinous, Soft Tissue
        
        Function
        
        Blood Cell Formation
      - Yellow
        
        Compostion
        
        Adipose Tissue
        
        Function
        
        Nutrient Storage
  - - - Osteoblast
        
        Osteocyte (in Lacuna)
        
        Located in ANY Bone Tissue
        
        Maintain healthy bone tissue
        
        Function: Create E.C. Matrix
      - Located in Peri- and Endosteum
      - More Stem Cells
    - - Fusion of Several Leukocytes
        
        Multinucleate
        
        VERY Large
        
        Mobile
        
        Phagocyte (for Oragnic material)
        
        Has Microvilli
        
        Secretes Enzymes that break down Bone
        
        Inorganic material (minerals) absorbed into Blood
        
        Organic material broken down by cell
- - - - Sphincter Muscles
        
        Anus
        
        Urethra
        
        Iris
        
        Pyloric Valve
    - - Stabilize Joints
    - - Shivering
  - - - Create Force/Tension while pulling on attachment point (on bone)
      - Actin + Myosin=Contraction
    - - Respond to stimuli
      - Produce Electrical signal
    - - Ability to stretch (to a limit)
    - - Ability to return to original shape (after contraction/extension)
  - - - Cell membrane over Muscle Fiber; Invaginates through T Tubules
    - - Invagination through muscle fibers; continuation of Sarcolemma
    - - Web-like structure over individual fibril; Includes Terminal Cistern (storage for Calcium)
    - - Site of ATP Synthesis (ATP used in Muscle Contraction)
    - - Sarcomere
        
        Basic unit of contraction; Z-Line-Z-line along myofibril
      - Z-Disc
        
        Zig-Zag line that Actin attaches to
      - Myosin
        
        "Thick Filament"
      - Actin
        
        "Thin Filament"
      - A-Band
        
        "Dark Zone" One end of Myosin-to the other (across the M-Line)
      - I-Band
        
        "Light Zone" End of Myosin- another (over the Z-Disc)
      - M-Line
        
        3-pronged line through middle of A-Band; Site of attachment for Myosin
  - - - Made up of Groups of Fascicles
        
        Made up of Groups of Muscle Fibers
        
        Surrounded by Endomysium (mostly Reticular Fibers)
        
        Made up of Myofibrils
        
        Surrounded by Sarcolemma
        
        Surrounded by Perimysium (Dense Irregular C.T.)
      - Surrounded by Epimysium (Dense Irregular C.T.)
- - - - Joint Capsule
        
        Outer Layer
        
        Dense Regular C.T. (Continuous w/ Periosteum)
        
        Inner Layer
        
        Areolar C.T. (Synovial Membrane)
      - Joint Cavity
        
        Filled w/ Synovial Fluid (made by Synovial Membrane)
      - Synovial Membrane + Fluid
        
        Fluid: Reduces Shock, Nourishes Articular Cartilage
    - - Where Two Long Bones meet (Types BELOW)
  - - - Made of Hyaline Cartilage
      - Found in Epiphyseal Plate + B/t First Rib and Manubrium
      - Immovable
    - - Made of Hyaline Cartilage (lateral) and Fibrocartilage (medial)
      - Found in Pubic Symphysis + Intervertebral Joints
      - Slightly Moveable (Giving Birth, Bending Spine)
  - - - Found w/ Flat, articulated surfaces (Intercarpal/intertarsal)
      - Nonaxial, Gliding Movement
    - - Trough of one bone moves around cylinder of another
      - Uniaxial Movemnet, Flexion + Extension Movements (Elbow)
    - - Axle Bone moves in Sleeve (created by bone and surrounding ligament)
      - Uniaxial Movement; Roation (eg. Radius around Ulna)
    - - Convex Oval inside Concave Oval (Articulated Surfaces)
      - Biaxial Movement
        
        Medial/Lateral Axis
        
        Flexion/Extension
        
        Anterior/Posterior Axis
        
        Adduction/Abduction
    - - Bone sits in a "saddle" of another bone
        
        Articular Surfaces are both concave and convex
      - Biaxial Movement
        
        Adduction/Abduction
        
        Flexion/Extension
    - - Spherical Head (Ball) of one bone sits in Cup (Socket) of another bone (eg. Shoulder/Hip)
      - MultiAxial movement
        
        Flexion/Extension (along Medial/Lateral Axis)
        
        Adduction/Abduction (along anterior/posterior axis)
        
        Rotation (around Vertical Axis)