Skeletal/Muscle Systems
Skeletal System
Skeletal Muscles
Joints
Major Functions
Structure
Compact vs Spongy Bone
Long Bone
Bone Marrow
Bone Cells
Fibrous
Synovial
Cartilagenous
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Functions
Properties
Muscle Fibers
Neuromuscular Junction
Support
Assist w/ Movement
Protection
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Formation
Energy Storage
Framework for Soft Tissue connection
Tendons (Muscle--Bone)
Ligaments (Bone--Bone)
Eg. Cranium, Vertebrae, Thoracic (Rib) Cage
Calcium + Phosphorous
Body may go to these deposits to restore normal levels in the blood
Happens in Red Bone Marrow
Nutrients from Fat
"Yellow" Bone Marrow
Bone
Tendons/Ligaments
Articulation
Cartilage
"All Together"
Joints
Organic Portion (35%)
Inorganic Portion (65%)
Cells
E.C. Matrix
Collagen Fiber
Minerals (for Hardness)
Calcium
Phosphorous
Made of Dense Regular C.T.
Hyaline
Fibro-
Costal (Rib)
Nasal
Articular
Found in Articulated Joints (At end of Bones in joint)
Intervertebral Discs
Pubic Symphysis
Menisci of Knees
Components
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Periosteum
Covers Bone, made of Dense Irregular C.T.
Perforating Canal
Osteons
Lamellae
Location
Structure
Ends of Long Bone
Fills Space b/t compact bone in Flat Bones
Red Bone Marrow
NO Osteons
Tebeculae
Endosteum
Osteogenic
Structure
Compact
Spongy
Cartilage
Epiphyses (Ends)
Diaphysis (Middle)
Epiphyseal Line (Plate when growing)
Hyaline Cartilage; Ossifies through growth
Compact Bone
Articular Cartilage
Membranes
Compact Bone
Periosteum (Outside)
Spongy Bone
Medullary Cavity
Endosteum (Inside)
Outside Layer
Inside (Cellular) Layer
Dense Irregular C.T.
Osteogenic; Place of Attachment for Ligaments/Tendons
Location
Types
Red
Yellow
Red
Yellow
Found in ALL Bone from Fetus-7 Years
When Adult: Found in Axial Skeleton
All Spongy Bone
All other bones outside of Axial Skeleton after 7 Years Old
Composition
Function
Compostion
Function
Nutrient Storage
Adipose Tissue
Gelatinous, Soft Tissue
Blood Cell Formation
Stem Cells
Osteoblast
Located in Peri- and Endosteum
Osteocyte (in Lacuna)
More Stem Cells
Function: Create E.C. Matrix
Osteoclasts
Located in ANY Bone Tissue
Maintain healthy bone tissue
Fusion of Several Leukocytes
Multinucleate
VERY Large
Mobile
Phagocyte (for Oragnic material)
Has Microvilli
Secretes Enzymes that break down Bone
Inorganic material (minerals) absorbed into Blood
Organic material broken down by cell
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Found in Sutures of Cranial bones
Tight, Rigid, Immovable
Structure
Location
Made of Hyaline Cartilage
Found in Epiphyseal Plate + B/t First Rib and Manubrium
Made of Hyaline Cartilage (lateral) and Fibrocartilage (medial)
Found in Pubic Symphysis + Intervertebral Joints
Immovable
Slightly Moveable (Giving Birth, Bending Spine)
Joint Capsule
Joint Cavity
Synovial Membrane + Fluid
Outer Layer
Inner Layer
Dense Regular C.T. (Continuous w/ Periosteum)
Areolar C.T. (Synovial Membrane)
Filled w/ Synovial Fluid (made by Synovial Membrane)
Fluid: Reduces Shock, Nourishes Articular Cartilage
Where Two Long Bones meet (Types BELOW)
Found w/ Flat, articulated surfaces (Intercarpal/intertarsal)
Nonaxial, Gliding Movement
Trough of one bone moves around cylinder of another
Uniaxial Movemnet, Flexion + Extension Movements (Elbow)
Axle Bone moves in Sleeve (created by bone and surrounding ligament)
Uniaxial Movement; Roation (eg. Radius around Ulna)
Convex Oval inside Concave Oval (Articulated Surfaces)
Biaxial Movement
Medial/Lateral Axis
Anterior/Posterior Axis
Flexion/Extension
Adduction/Abduction
Bone sits in a "saddle" of another bone
Biaxial Movement
Adduction/Abduction
Flexion/Extension
Articular Surfaces are both concave and convex
Spherical Head (Ball) of one bone sits in Cup (Socket) of another bone (eg. Shoulder/Hip)
MultiAxial movement
Flexion/Extension (along Medial/Lateral Axis)
Adduction/Abduction (along anterior/posterior axis)
Rotation (around Vertical Axis)
Produce Movement
Open/Close Body passageways
Maintain Posture
Generate Heat
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
Sphincter Muscles
Anus
Urethra
Iris
Pyloric Valve
Stabilize Joints
Shivering
Create Force/Tension while pulling on attachment point (on bone)
Actin + Myosin=Contraction
Respond to stimuli
Produce Electrical signal
Ability to stretch (to a limit)
Ability to return to original shape (after contraction/extension)
Organization (Connective Tissue + Muscle Levels)
Muscle Organ
Made up of Groups of Fascicles
Surrounded by Epimysium (Dense Irregular C.T.)
Made up of Groups of Muscle Fibers
Surrounded by Perimysium (Dense Irregular C.T.)
Surrounded by Endomysium (mostly Reticular Fibers)
Sarcolemma
Transverse (T) Tubules
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Myofibrils
Mitochondria
Microscopic Components
Site of ATP Synthesis (ATP used in Muscle Contraction)
Web-like structure over individual fibril; Includes Terminal Cistern (storage for Calcium)
Cell membrane over Muscle Fiber; Invaginates through T Tubules
Invagination through muscle fibers; continuation of Sarcolemma
Made up of Myofibrils
Surrounded by Sarcolemma
Sarcomere
Z-Disc
Myosin
Actin
A-Band
I-Band
M-Line
Basic unit of contraction; Z-Line-Z-line along myofibril
Zig-Zag line that Actin attaches to
"Thick Filament"
"Thin Filament"
"Dark Zone" One end of Myosin-to the other (across the M-Line)
"Light Zone" End of Myosin- another (over the Z-Disc)
3-pronged line through middle of A-Band; Site of attachment for Myosin