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SCIENCE 10 - Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems (General Outcome…
SCIENCE 10
- Unit B: Energy Flow in Technological Systems
General Outcome 1:
Analyze and illustrate how technologies based on thermodynamic principles were developed before the laws of thermodynamics were formulated
Energy exists in various forms
e.g. mechanical, chemical, thermal, nuclear, solar
Transforming energy via technology
Energy transfer technologies produce measurable changes in motion, shape or temperature
e.g. hydroelectric and coal-burning generators, solar heating panels, windmills, fuel cells
e.g. Aboriginal applications of thermodynamics in tool making, design of structures and heating
Identify the trial and error that led to the invention of the engine
Relate principles of thermodynamics to the development of more efficient engine designs
e.g. the work of James Watt
e.g. improved valve designs in car engines
Energy developed from observation of heat and mechanical devices
e.g. the investigations of Rumford and Joule
e.g. the development of pre-contact First Nations and Inuit technologies based on an understanding of thermal energy and transfer
General Outcome 2:
Explain and apply concepts used in theoretical and practical measures of energy in mechanical systems
Evidence of energy presence
i.e. observable physical and chemical changes, and changes in motion, shape or temperature
Defining kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy is due to motion
(
Ek = 0.5 mv^2
)
Potential energy is due to relative position or condition
Gravitational
i.e. the work against gravity (
Ep = mgh
)
Chemical
e.g. energy stored in glucose, adenosine triphosphate [ATP], gasoline
Energy, forces, and work
In the absence of resistive forces, motion at constant speed requires no energy input
Force can be defined a push or a pull
Work is energy expended when speed increases, or an object is moving against an opposing force
(
W = Fd
)
(
ΔE = W
)
Energy conservation between Ep and Ek
(
mgh = Fd = 0.5 mv^2
)
Derive the SI unit of energy and work, the joule, from fundamental units
Differentiating scalar and vector quantities
Describe displacement and velocity quantitatively
Calculate acceleration as a change in velocity during a time interval
(
a = Δv / Δt
)
Analyze and calculate scalar motion and work on a system
e.g. the relationships among distance, time, and velocity; determining the area under the line in a force–distance graph
General Outcome 3:
Apply the principles of energy conservation and thermodynamics to investigate, describe and predict efficiency of energy transformation in technological systems
Thermodynamic laws
In terms of thermodynamic laws, describe the energy transformations occurring in devices and systems
e.g., automobile, bicycle coming to a stop, thermal power plant, food chain, refrigerator, heat pump, permafrost storage pits for food
Relate the 1st and 2nd thermo laws to energy conversions
e.g. why heat engines are not 100% efficient
"Useful" work and energy
Define “useful” energy from a technological perspective
e.g. hydroelectric dam
Analyze the stages of “useful” energy transformations in technological systems
Limitations to the amount of “useful” energy that can be derived from the conversion of potential energy
e.g. energy wasted as heat
Efficiency measured as the “useful” work (output) compared to the total energy input
Efficiency
Analyze the efficiency of thermal device designs
e.g. heat pump, high efficiency furnace, automobile engine
Compare the energy content of fuels used in thermal power plants in Alberta
i.e. costs, benefits, efficiency and sustainability
Explain the need for efficient energy conversions to protect our environment and to make judicious use of natural resources
e.g. advancement in energy efficiency; Aboriginal perspectives on taking care of natural resources