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Anatomy Concept Map (Joints (Types of Synovial Joints- (Pivot joint-This…

- - - - The Symphysis joint- where the bones are joined by fibrocarilage.
- - - - Protects internal organs.
        
        facilitates movement
        
        Produces blood cells.
        
        Mineral homeostasis by storing and releasing calcium and phosphorus.
    - - The Skeletal system is comprised of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments.
        
        The Skull - made up 22 cranial and facial bones. The Skull protects the brain and provides a type of anchor or attachment sites for head and neck muscles.
        
        The Vertebral Column- 31 separate vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 2 at coccyx).
        
        The Thoracic cage- support for the shoulder girdle and protects the vital organs.
        
        Shoulder and Pelvic Girdle- the shoulder girdle combine to form the sockets and support for the shoulder joints. The pelvic girdle is comprised of two hip bones that join at the sacrum and supports the lower organs.
        
        Upper and Lower Limbs- Upper consists of bones that create the arm, forearm and hands. Allows arm movement, elbow flexion and articulation of fingers that allow us to lift and fine grab. The lower limbs serve as the attachment sites for the muscles of the leg.
    - - The compact bone- It's main function is to support the body. It stores calcium and consists of yellow bone marrow. Yellow marrow ais stores of fat.
        
        Spongy bone- Porous nature allows bone marrow development. The marrow that develops in this bone is called "red marrow".
    - - Epiphysis- the end of long bones that are capped, each cap is covered with articular cartilage and the cap areas are spongy bone.
        
        Diaphysis- the long cylindrical middle of the long bone. The strongest part of the bone where minerals (Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) are stored.
        
        Metaphysis- Between the epiphysis cap and diaphysis is a wide section of bone called the metaphysics. The metaphysics transfers load and stress from the joints at the epiphysis into the diaphysis.
        
        Medullary Cavity- this cavity is filled with red bone marrow in children and then transitions to yellow bone marrow as the bone reaches adulthood.
        
        Epiphyseal Plate- Hyaline cartilage plate at the end of the long bone at the metaphysis part of the long bone where new bone growth takes place.
        
        Epiphyseal Line- When growth is completed in the bone of adolescents a line of bone (almost like a scar) replaces the hyaline cartilage.
        
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    - - Red Marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Located in spongy bone.
        
        Yellow Marrow: produces fat cells. Located in the hollow interior of long bones.
    - - Osteoblasts- bone building cells, secrete matrix and collagen fibers.
      - Osteocytes- mature bone cells that no longer secrete matrix.
      - Osteogenic cells- stem cells
      - Osteoclasts- bone digestion.
- - - - Properties-
        
        Extensibility- the ability of skeletal muscle tissue to lengthen when contracting and provide the effort required to move the bones and joints, producing movement.
        
        Elasticity- ability for muscle tissue to return to its normal resting length after it has been stretched.
        
        Excitability- ability of muscle tissue being able to react to nervous stimulation.
        
        Contractility- The capacity of a muscle to contract forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones.
        
        The Connective Tissue of Skeletal Muscle
        
        Perimysium- divides muscle into fascicles or bundles of each muscle tissue.
        
        Endomysium- surrounds individual muscle fibers.
        
        Epimysium- outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle.
        
        Components of Skeletal Muscle Fiber
        
        Sarcomere- structural and functional unit of a myofibril that extends to the Z-line.
        
        Myofibrils- thread-like, contractile fibers, parallel to each other, many per cell; thick and thin filaments.
        
        Sarcoplasmic reticulum- channels under the sarcolemma, organelle that activates muscle contraction when muscle is stimulated.
        
        Mitochondria- Many per cell, produce energy.
        
        Transverse tubules-A set of channels extending inward from the membrane; pass through fiber, involved with muscle contraction.
        
        Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of muscle fiber.
        
        Sarcolemma- cell membrane of muscle fiber.