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potassium balance (hypokalemia ( < 3.5 mmol/L) (transcellular shift…
potassium balance
hypokalemia ( < 3.5 mmol/L)
low intake
anorexia nervosa
starvation
alcoholism
high output
renal losses
GI losses
transcellular shift
alkalemia
beta agonists
insulin use
genetic conditions (hypokalemic periodic paralysis)
etiologies
physiological causes
insulin (acts on Na-H antiporter, extrudes H brings in sodium, can swap sodium and K to sequester K in the cell)
epinephrine
causes extrusion of sodium in exchange for k directly at ATPase (can happen in pheochromocytoma, too much albuterol, etc.)
aldo
any proces that increases aldo-like action will contribute to metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia (ex: diuretics and hypokalemia)
pathological causes
alkalemia
genetic disorders w/ sodium wasting
Bartters syndrome (affects TAL) - having constitutive dysfunction of TAH similar to loop diuretic
Gitelman's syndrome
hyperkalemia ( > 5.1 mmol/L)
true hyperkalemia
increased potassium load
transcellular shift
decreased extracellular
to
intracellular
movement of potassium
increased intracellular
to
extracellular
movement of potassium
exercise
increased ECF osmolality
cellular breakdown
decreased urinary excretion
pseudohyperkalemia